I.Urban & Commercial Revolution A.Medieval Towns & the Origins of the Middle Class 1.Origins of towns dominated by a "Chamber of Commerce" 2.Craft & Professional Guilds a.Price & Quality Control b.The Just Price B.Medieval Commerce 1.Wool: England, Flanders 2.Wine: Gascony, Burgundy, Rhineland 3.Ale: England & Scandinavia 4.Beer: German lands 5.Weapons: Spain, German lands 6.Glass: German lands 7.Amber & Furs: Scandinavia & Russia 8.Spice, Incense, Silk: Silk Road & Islamic World II.Palace Culture of the Feudal Aristocracy A.Castles & Keeps, Rulers & Fighters 1.Castles dominate countryside 2.Occupants want entertainment 3.These appetites promote arts & letters B.Troubadours & Trouveres in France & Spain 1.Chansons de Gest a.Matter of France (Charlemagne) b.Matter of Britain (Arthurian) c.Matter of Spain (el Cid) d.Epics of the Crusades 2.Songs celebrating love, courtly or otherwise a.William of Aquitaine b.Marie de France C.Scalds & Minnesingers in Germanic Lands 1.Heroic Lays (often mythological) a.Hildebrandslied b.Niebelungenlied c.Poetic Edda 2.Hero or Family Sagas a.Njal's Saga b.Gawain & the Green Knight 3.Songs celebrating love, courtly or otherwise a.Wolfram von Eschenbach b.Gottfried von Strassburg 4.Sturlung Age in Scandinavia a.Chieftans & merchant families b.Family sagas D.Appetite for leisure goods 1.Silks, Glassware, Silverware, other fineries 2.Spices & Herbs to smother the taste of bad food 3.These appetites promote trade & manufacturing E.Eleanor of Aquitaine 1.Her realm was famous for its courtly culture 2.She was a typical wealthy patron of arts & letters F.Courtly Love 1.Literary Motif? 2.Did it really exist? G.Chivalry: Warfare as Entertainment & Social Advancement 1.Jousting Tournaments a.William Marshall b.Ransom your captives 2.Feudal Warfare a.Norman expansion in France b.Stephen vs Mathilda in England c.Note death of Richard I of England (in Normandy) 3.The Crusades a.Lands & Jobs for our sons b.Holy Land, Spain, North Africa, Baltic 4.Kidnapping & Ransom a.Affair of Richard I of England after 3rd Crusade b.Often a result of Jousting Tournaments (William Marshall) c.Respectable as long as only the aristocracy does it III.The Medieval Reformation A.Sacramental Christianity 1.Baptism 2.Confirmation 3.Eucharist 4.Reconciliation (confession & penance) 5.Marriage 6.Extreme Unction 7.Holy Orders B.Popular Piety C.Monastic Reform: Orders and Canons 1.910, Cluny founded a.Hugh the Great, abbot: 1049-1109 b.Peter Damiani, 1007-1072 c.Cluniac monasticism less rigid after 1100 2.1084, Carthusians founded a.Vow of Silence b.Never corrupted 3.1098, Cistercians founded a.Bernard of Clairvaux, 1091-1153 b.Cistercians less rigid after 1200 4.1120, Premonstratensian Canons founded a.Regular, but in Cathedrals or Colleges 5.1120's, Augustinian Canons founded a.Regular, but in Cathedrals or Colleges b.Thomas … Kempis & Martin Luther D.Mendicant Orders 1.1210, Franciscans founded (OFM, Grey Friars) a.St. Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226 b.Alexander of Hales, d. 1245 c.St. Bonaventure, 1221-1274 d.Robert Grosseteste, 1268-1253 e.Roger Bacon, 1214-1294 f.Duns Scotus, 1266-1308 g.William of Okham, 1300-1349 2.1215, Dominicans founded (OP, Black Friars) a.St. Dominic, 1170-1221 b.Albert Magnus, 1206-1280 c.St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274 3.1256, Austin Friars founded 4.1274, Carmelite Orders founded E.Military Orders 1.1113, Knights of the Hospital of St. John (Hospitalers) 2.1118, Knights of the Temple (Templars) 3.1164, Knights of Calatrava (Affiliated with Cistercians, 1187) 4.1190, Teutonic Knights F.Medieval Mysticism 1.Hildegard von Bingen, 1098-1179 2.Joachim of Fiore, 1135-1202 3.Elizabeth of Thuringia, 1207-1231 4.Meister Eckhart, 1260-1327 5.Richard Rolle, d. 1349: The Fire of Love 6.Catherine of Sienna, 1347-1380 7.Dame Julian of Norwich, 1373: Revelations of Divine Love 8.Thomas … Kempis, 1379-1471: The Imitation of Christ 9.Theresa of ₫vila, 1515-1582: Interior Castles, Autobiography G.The Reform Papacy, 990s-1303 1.Reform Church abuses a.Lay Investiture b.Celibacy c.Liberate Church & Papacy from Secular Control d.Gregorian Reform 2.999-1003, Silvester II a.Champions rights and independence of the papacy b.works with HRE Otto III to revive & reform Christendom c.sends royal crown to King Stephen I of Hungary 3.1058-1061, Nicholas II a.1059, Lateran Synod announces that the Pope shall be elected by the Cardinal Bishops b.Advocate of Cluniac reform, friend of Cardinals Humbert & Hildebrand c.Defines "lay investiture" as the sin of Simony 4.1073-1085, Gregory VII a.Formerly Cardinal Hildebrand, a radical Cluniac reformer b.Begins Age of Gregorian Reform, based on Cluniac principles c.Pope as the earthly representative of St. Peter, chief of the Apostles d.Major struggle with HRE Henry IV over Lay Investiture, Pope uses sacraments as weapons (1)1077, HRE Henry IV seeks forgiveness at Canossa (2)1085, HRE Henry IV invades Rome, drives out Gregory, who dies in exile 5.1088-1099, Urban II a.In exile from hostile HRE until 1094, when Urban takes control of Rome and deposes an anti-pope b.Gregorian reformer, establishes centrally administered "curia Romana" c.1095, Proclaims First Crusade & "Peace of God" at Council of Clermont 6.1198-1216, Innocent III a.Gregorian Reformer, recognizes Dominicans & Franciscans b.Claims univeral authority for the Pope as the "Vicar of Christ" c.Reforms papal curia, tribunals, systematized canon law d.Sends a royal crown to King Joannitza of Bulgaria e.Excommunicates King John of England for interfering with bishops & church revenue f.1215, summons and presides over Fourth Lateran Council 7.1243-1254, Innocent IV a.1245, Excommunicates & deposes HRE Friedriech II Hohenstauffen b.Proclaims crusade against Friedriech II c.Struggles against imperial Hohenstauffen family d.Struggles to weaken HRE authority over Rome and the Church 8.1294-1303, Boniface VIII a.Proclaims Unam Sanctam, which claims universal political & religious authority for the Pope b.Declares a Jubilee Year in 1300 c.Arrested & beaten up by French King Philip IV (the Fair) d.Dies of injuries inflicted by Philip's soldiers H.Heresies of the High Middle Ages 1.Albigensians in Southern France 2.Waldensians in Southern France & Northern Italy 3.Flagellants in France & Germany 4.Lollards in England I.The Inquisition 1.Originally used to inquire into doctrinal disputes 2.Ultimately used to seek & destroy heretics 3.First major use was against the Albigensians 4.Later used by national monarchies of Spain & Portugal J.The Age of Cathedrals, 1050-1300 1.Romanesque Style a.Origins in monastic churches b.Dominant along Pilgrimage Roads c.Barrel Vaults d.Thick Walls e.Moderate in size 2.Gothic ("French") Style a.Origins at St. Denis, Abbot Suger b.Dominant in Towns & Cities c.Groin Vaults d.Stained Glass Windows e.Flying Buttresses f.Often Gigantic K.Cathedral Chapters 1.Clerics who perform the liturgical office 2.They require intense training 3.Which leads to the emergence of Universities L.Universities 1.Paris, Bologna, Oxford 2.Organization a.Colleges (1)originally nationalities (2)Then areas of study b.Hierarchy (1)Provost (2)Deans (3)Faculty (4)Students c.Academic Ranks (1)Undergraduates (2)Graduate Students d.Academic Degrees (1)Bachelor's (2)Master's (3)Doctor's M.Scholasticism 1.Nature of God 2.Nature of reality 3.Nature of morality: just price, just war N.Personalities 1.Anselm of Canterbury, 1033-1109 a.Cur Deus Homo b.Proslogion 2.Hugh of St. Victor, d. 1141 3.Peter Abelard, 1079-1143 a.Sic et Non b.Letters to Heloise 4.Peter Lombard, d. 1160 a.Four Books of Sentences 5.Alexander of Hale, d. 1245 (Franciscan) 6.Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 1235-1253 a.Light metaphysics b.All things that are, are lights 7.Bonaventure, d. 1274 (Franciscan) 8.Thomas Aquinas, 1223-1274 a.Summa Contra Gentiles b.Summa Theologica 9.Albert Magnus, d. 1280 (Dominican) 10.Siger of Brabant, d. 1283 a.Latin Averroist 11.Roger Bacon, d. 1292 (Franciscsn 12.John Duns Scotus, d. 1308 13.William of Ockham, d. 1350