I.Capitalism A.Handicraft becomes Manufacture 1.Local craftsmen make finished goods, but sell most of them to wholesalers rather than selling them locally. a.Cloth, Clothing, Wine 2.Merchant Companies purchase the goods and sell them far away from their point of origin a.This often requires credit/debit banking 3.Silver & Iron mining in Bohemia & Hungary a.Resources owned by monarchy, but let out b.German capitalists organize & run mines B.Hanseatic league of fishers, salt makers, merchants II.Mysticism in Western Christianity A.Church rituals/priesthood not the only approach to God B.Julian of Norwich, Richard Rolle, Meister Eckhardt C.Return to Galilean Christianity D.Prophesy and Reform versus Authority and Order III.Humanism in Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Society A.Term used to distinguish between the study of humanity's affairs and the study of divine affairs 1.People become a focus of arts & letters a.God is still important in the arts & letters b.In fact, most Humanist art is religious art c.But people become an important subject 2.Golden Age of vernacular literature a.Chaucer, Langland, Dante, Boccaccio b.This literature focuses on people and their lives 3.Learning no longer a Church monopoly a.Scholasticism was not in keeping with the needs and problems of the new urban groups b.Arts & Letters for Aristocracy of Blood & Money c.Leonardo da Vinci as an engineer and tactician 4."To Produce Free and Civilized Men" a.The transition of a crude & uneducated medieval palace nobility into a cultured, educated, and moderately intelligent urban nobility was made possible because Renaissance humanists got control of the educational system. Humanists were hired as tutors to aristocratic children, much like Greeks were hired (or enslaved) to educate Roman children, and thereby coming to dominate Romen Education. These humanists emphasized humanism rather than scholasticism. Education became less concerned with philosophy and theology in an abstract sense and more concerned with philosophy and theology in an applied sense. That is how Henry II's boors became Henry VIII's courtiers. 5.Curriculum: That which makes a good citizen a.Latin Grammar, Literature, History, Ethics b.Machiavelli and the new ethics of "Policy" B.Textual Criticism 1.Petrarch: old manuscripts 2.Lorenzo Valla: Donation of Constantine 3.Erasmus: Critical Edition of New Testament (in Greek) C.Classical Latin 1.Good Latin must imitate Cicero & Roman Writers 2.Lots of bad Renaissance poetry 3.Medieval Latin as a living language dies out D.Early Renaissance Architecture 1.Should copy, build upon, Classical Forms a."Imitation of the Ancients" b.Misunderstanding leads to "Brownstone" style c.Development of "Fa‡ade" architecture 2.Abandon Medieval aesthetics a.They are barbarian, not classical b.Some even want to tear down Gothic Cathedrals c.Many aspects of Renaissance humanism harken back to outright paganism E.The Invention of the "Middle Ages" 1.Invention of early Renaissance humanists who stressed their link with ancient Greece and Rome and pretended that all that had happened in between was a debased product of an intermediate and inferior "Middle Ages" 2.Petrarch may have coined the term a.He coined the term "Babylonian Captivity" b.He certainly was contemptuous of the period IV.Early Italian Renaissance Art and Letters A.Development of Vernacular Literature 1.Dante, 1265-1321 a.Divine Comedy, written in Tuscan 2.Petrarch, 1304-1374 a.Sonnets 3.Boccaccio, 1313-1375 a.Tesside b.Decameron 4.Chaucer, 1335-1400 a.Canterbury Tales b.Troilus & Cresside B.Florence as a Center of Early Renaissance Humanism 1.Florence as a new urban center a.Economic prosperity created a new liesure class b.They had money and wanted to show it & enjoy it c.Medici and other great families as patrons of art 2.Architecture a.Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 b.Bramante, 1444-1514 c.Alberti, 1407-1472 3.Sculpture a.Donatello, 1386-1466 b.Verroccio, 1435-1488 4.Painting a.Giotto, 1266-1337 b.Masaccio, 1401-1428 c.Botticelli, 1444-1510 V.High Renaissance Arts & Letters A.Idea of a "Renaissance Man" 1.Multi-talented 2.Adaptable 3.For Sale to the Highest Bidder B.Leonardo de Vinci, 1452-1519 1.Painter: Virgin & St. Anne; Last Supper 2.Scientist: Child in Womb 3.Engineer and Tactician: Caesar Borgia, Francis I C.Bramante, 1444-1514 1.Left Florence for Milan 2.Where he is best known as an architect D.Raphael, 1483-1520 1.Active in Florence, Milan, Rome 2.Best known as a painter: School of Athens E.Michelangelo, 1475-1564 1.Sculpture: David, Moses, Pieta 2.Painter: Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Last Judgment 3.Architect: St. Beter's Basilica F.Mannerism 1.Parmigianino, 1503-1540: Madonna with the Long Neck 2.Benvenuto Cellini, 1500-1571: Salt Cellar of Francis I 3.Titian, 1490-1576: Venus of Urbino 4.Tintoretto, 1518-1594: The Last Supper 5.El Greco, 1547-1614: View of Toledo VI.Northern Renaissance Arts & Letters A.Sculpture 1.Claus Sluter, 1380-1406: Well of Moses B.Painting 1.Limbourg Brothers, early 15th: Tres Riches Hueres 2.Van Eyck Brothers, early 15th: Ghent Altarpiece 3.Hieronymus Bosch, 1450-1516: Garden of Earthly Delights 4.Matthias Gruenewald, 1480-1528: Resurrection 5.Albrecht Duerer, 1471-1528: Four Horsemen 6.Pieter Bruegel, 1525-1569: Hunters in the Snow C.Literature 1.Desiderus Erasmus, 1469-1536 2.St. Thomas More, 1478-1535