Byzantium: Survival of Greco-Roman Civilization in East to 1453

I.Roman Heritage, people=Romaioi
     A.Hellenistic Society
     B.Large State Bureaucracy
     C.Greek Language
     D.Urban Culture: large cities (C=300,000); Games, Spectacles,
     Chariot Races
     E.Rural Culture: Free Peasantry; Village Govts
          1.Latifundia slowly develop after c. 1000
          2.Central Govt then weakens as feudalism grows

II.Constantine & Caesaropapism
     A.Founds Constantinople: "Second Rome"
     B.Strengthens economy, military, state bureaucracy
     C.Emperor secular head & regulator of Church
     D.Emperor presides over Council of Nicaea

III.Zeno (474-491)
     A.E. Emperor during & after W. Empire disappears
     B.Sends Ostrogoths west, kills remaining Germanic Barbarians
     C.in Constantinople

IV.Justinian & Theodora (527-565)
     A.Last Latin Speaking Byzantine Emperor
     B.Partial & Temporary Reconquest of West: Italy, Africa,
     Coastal Spain
     C.Corpus Iuris Civilis (Law in Latin, Commentary in Greek)
     D.Buildings: Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, San Vitale in
     Ravenna
     E.Continuous intervention in Church affairs
     F.War with Persian Empire (goes badly, ends in stalemate)

V.Heraclius (610-641)
     A.Drives Persians from Egypt, Palestine, Syria
     B.Reforms bureaucracy, Church, military (Themes)
     C.Long wars in Persia weaken Byzantium on eve of Muslim
     Conquest

VI.Iconoclasm Movement (728-813)
     A.Leo the Isaurian (717-741)
     B.Byzantium losing to Islam because of graven images in
     Byzantium
     C.Iconoclast Movement: supression of images, 728-813
     D.Begin major differences with Western Catholicism
	1.filioque in the west
	2.images destroyed in Byzantium (temporarily), retained in west
	3.enforced celibacy (mostly in the west)
	4.Photian scism (usurper becomes Patriarch of Constantinople)

VII.Conversion of Eastern Europe & Russia
     A.Conversion of Slavs
     B.Conversion of Bulgars
     C.Conversion of Russia
     D.Growth of a Byzantine Commomwealth in the East
     E.Moscow as "Third Rome" after 1453

VIII.Development of Eastern Orthodox Christianity
     A.Filioque controversy
     B.Caesaropapism
     C.Icons, not statues
     D.Theology of Icons
     E.Use of Vernacular Languages
     F.Autocephalous Churches in Russia, Armenia, Slavic lands
     G.Schism with Roman Catholic Church, 1054 until late 1970's

IX.Middle Byzantine period & Byzantine Decline
     A.Central Govt increasingly weakened as feudalism grows
     B.Balkans increasingly independent
     C.Sicily & South Italy lost to Normans
     D.Seljuk Turks dominate Muslim East, renew offensive against
     Byzantium
     E.Byzantium loses major battle at Manzikert, 1071
     F.Loses central Asia Minor, a source of agriculture, troops
     G.Crusades a western response to renewed Islamic Assault
     F.Crusades slow the Islamic assault slightly, but ultimately fail

X. Late Byzantine period, 1300-1453
     A.Constant Islamic assault
     B.Ottoman Turks conquer Asia Minor
     C.Ottoman Turks invade SE Europe
	1.Constantinople surrounded, isolated from the west
	2.Western armies resist Islamic onslaught in SE Europe
	3.Western armies able to offer very little assistance
     D.Constantinople falls to Islam, 1453
     E.Ottoman Turks make Constantinople their capitol
	1.Great slaughter of Christians, especially in countryside
	2.Christian Churches & Cathedrals turned into Muslim Mosques
	3.Christians and Jews reduced to Dhimmi