I.Carolingians, General Remarks
     A.Coming together of Germanic society, Papacy, Traditions of Monastic
          learning, which result in the Carolingian Renaissance during life of
          Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, Charles the Bald
     B.Carolingian kings overreached themselves and tried to spend more
          resources than they actually had
     C.Transformation of Germanic Kingship into Davidic Kingship
II.Carolingian Chronology (Mayors, Kings & Emperors)
     A.613-640, Pippin I (the Elder), Mayor of Austrasia
     B.610's-640's, Arnulf, Bishop of Metz
          1.Arnulf & Pippin support & advise Merovingian kings
          2.Even Dagobert I had to yield to Pippin & Arnulf's will
     C.640-662, Grimoald, son of Pippin, Mayor of Austrasia
          1.660-662, Grimoald tries to establish his son Childebert as King in
               Austrasia
          2.Nobles rebel on Childebert's death, kill Grimoald, restore the
               Merovingian Childerich II (661-675) as king in Austrasia
          3.Other branch of Carolingians, descended from Arnulf of Metz, gain
               control of Austrasian mayoral office
     D.662-?, Ansegis, son of Arnulf & married to Pippin's daughter Begga
          (Grimoald's sister), remains Mayor of Austrasia, but the Carolingian
          family temporarily lost its preeminence to Duke Wulfoald, leader of
          a rival Frankish family and Mayor to Merovingian kings
     E.687-714, Pippin II (of Heristal), Mayor of Austrasia & Neustria
          1.Pippin of Heristal emerged after the death of Duke Wulfoald,
               during the struggle over the succession of Theuderic, and he
               restored Carolingian preeminence in Austria
          2.After winning the Battle of Terty (687), Pippin becomes mayor of
               Neustria as well as Austrasia
          3.The area around Metz continued to be the center of Carolingian
               wealth and authority
     F.723-741, Charles Martel, Carolingian Mayor of Austrasia & Neustria
          1.Illegitimate son of Pippin II & Chalpaida
          2.Struggled from 714-717 to establish his position in Austrasia; not
               secure in Neustria until 723
          3.732, Battle of Tours/Poitiers
          4.735, Conquest of Frisia
     G.741-751, Pippin III (the Short), Mayor of the Palace
          1.Shared mayoralty with brother Carloman, who becomes monk
          2.Pippin ruthlessly crushes all family rivals
          3.Long struggle to achieve dominance in Frankish kingdom
          4.May have sought papal alliance to strengthen position
     H.751-768, Pippin the Short elected and anointed King
          1.story of papal role in 751 may be Carolingian propaganda
          2.754, Pope Stephen II travels to Frankland
               a.Anoints Pippin, his sons Charles and Carloman
               b.Franks swear fidelity to Carolingians
               c.Donation of Constantine presented (fake)
          3.755, Donation of Pippin (legit)
               a.Creation of Papal States: Patrimony of Peter
               b.Vatican City is all that is left of the Papal States
          4.757, Tassilo of Bavaria renews oath of Loyalty to Pippin
     I.768-771, Charles and Carloman kings of divided Frankish realm
          1.Charles: Austrasia & coastal Francia
          2.Carloman: Burgundy, Bavaria, Provence, inner Francia
          3.Great uneasiness and distrust between them
          4.Charles makes alliances to surround & isolate Carloman
          5.771, Carloman dies; his wife & sons flee to Lombardy
          6.Charles becomes sole King of the Franks
     J.771-800, Charlemagne as King of the Franks, etc.
          1.Administration of the realm
               a.Counts, Missi, Capitularies
               b.The Church, the Army
               c.Carolingian Family members, Frankish Nobility
               d.Subkingdoms: Aquitaine, Italy, (Burgundy, Bavaria)
               e.Law: Salic, Gothic, Burgundian, Alemannic
          2.772-805, Saxon Wars
          3.774, Conquest of Lombards
          4.780-850, Carolingian Renaissance
          5.796, Conquest of Avars
          6.788, Charlemagne assumes direct rule in Bavaria
          7.794, Synod of Frankfurt
               a.Charlemagne inserts "filioque" into creed, despite concerns
               of the Pope and the Bishops
          8.800, Charlemagne crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III
          9.800, Viking raids of Frankish coast begin
     K.800-814, Charlemagne as Emperor
     L.814-840, Louis the Pious as Emperor
          1.817, Odinatio Imperii
          2.827, Bulgar raids in SE
     M.840 onwards: division of Carolingian realm between Charles the Bald
     (King of West Franks, 840-877) Lothar (Emperor, 840-855), Louis the German
     (King of East Franks, 840-876)
          1.843, Treaty of Verdun, Carolingian Empire divided equally
          2.845, Vikings sack Hamburg
          3.850, Rapid feudalization begins
               a.Capitulary of Mersen, 847 (Lothar, Louis, Charles)
               b."choose/receive a Lord"
     N.871-888, Charles the Fat, last Carolingian to rule the united empire
          1.881, Great Viking Army in Lotharingia
          2.882, Beginning of the Dangeld in Germany & Lotharingia
          3.886, Viking siege of Paris
          4.888, final partition of Carolingian Empire
          5.908, Magyar raids begin
          6.918, Henry the Fowler of Saxony crowned King of E. Franks
          7.924, Magyars invade Saxony
          8.955, Otto of Saxony defeats Magyars at Lechfeld (Augsburg)
     O.962, Renewal of Holy Roman Empire by Otto I