I.Origins of the Middle Eastern Crusades A.Fatimid Caliphate hostile to Christians until 1017 1.Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim destroys Church of Holy Sepulchre, 1009 2.Fatimids harass Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land 3.Western call to action to protect access to the Holy Land B.Pilgrimages had become increasingly difficult 1.Richard of Normandy's great pilgrimage of 1026 had a huge military contingent for self-defense 2.Peter the Hermit's crusade failed to reach Jerusalem, but he returned to Europe and called for military action in the Holy Land to protect Christian pilgrims and the Christian churches and shrines C.Military anarchy in Palestine as Seljuk Turks expand into Levant 1.1071, Byzantium loses Battle of Manzikert to Alp Arslan 2.Byzantium loses control of central Asia Minor D.Alexius Comnenus requests mercenary troops from the West 1.Recruits Western Nobles on pilgrimage to his cause 2.May have written a letter to the West or to the Pope II.First Crusade, 1096-99 A.Urban II Preaches the Crusade at the Council of Clermont, 1095 1.Calls on Knights to free the Holy Land from Muslim control 2.Defense of fellow Christians in the East against Muslim advance 3.Pilgrimage / Crusade indulgence a.Proclaims the Peace of God throughout Europe b.Offers absolution to those who die on Crusade 4.Crusader Armies leave in 1095 a.Take Nicaea, 1097 b.Battle of Dorylaeum secures Asia Minor, 1097 c.Antioch taken by siege, 1098-99 (given to Bohemond) B.Conquest of Jerusalem, 1099 1.Uneasy Crusader relations with Byzantium a.Some Crusaders want to attack Constantinople b.Alexius quickly ferries the Crusaders across the straights c.Alexius demands Crusader conquests be returned to Byzantium 2.Jerusalem captured, July 15th, 1099 3.Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1187 a.Godfrey of Boullion: Baron and Defender of the Holy Sepulchre (descendent of Charlemagne) b.Baldwin of Flanders, King of Jerusalem c.Kingdom weak, extreme feudal decentralization 4.Other Crusader States a.Principality of Antioch b.County of Edessa c.County of Tripoli C.Participants in the First Crusade 1.Raymond of Toulouse, overland through Lombardy, then to Damietta 2.Godfrey of Lorraine & Baldwin of Flanders (brothers) through Germany & Balkans 3.Bohemond & Tancred lead army of French & Normans through Macedonia 4.Most Crusaders were wealthy Lords and Knights a.They often travelled with a large contingent b.recent work by Jonathan Riley Smith & others 5.English exiles who lost lands to the Normans a.Some already serving in the Varangian Guard D.Military Orders 1.Knights of St. John (Hospitallers), founded 1070 2.Knights of the Temple (Templars), founded 1115 3.Order of Calatrava (Spain), founded 1158 4.Teutonic Knights (Germany), founded 1198 III.Later Crusades A.Second Crusade, 1146-1148 1.Triple focus: Wends, Lisbon, Holy Land a.Crusaders capture Lisbon b.Crusaders successful against the Wends c.Crusade in Holy Land largely unsuccessful 2.Edessa and Aleppo fall to Turks, Syria threatened 3.St. Bernard of Clairveaux preached crusade, offers absolution 4.Louis VII of France & Conrad III of HRE lead Second Crusade 5.1148, Siege of Damascus fails, Crusade ends in stalemate 6.1187, Muslim conqueror Saladin captures Jerusalem B.Third Crusade, 1188-1192 1.Object: recover Jerusalem 2.Participants: a.Philip II of France b.Richard I of England c.Friedreich Barbarossa of HRE (dies en route, late 1190) 3.Accomplishments a.German Knights take Iconium, 1090 b.Acre taken by siege, August 1189-July 1091 c.Richard I captures Ascalon & Jaffa d.Cyprus captured (held until 1571) 4.Crusaders fail to re-take Jerusalem a.Saladin allows Christians free access to Jerusalem b.Crusaders control coast from Tyre to Jaffa c.Richard I taken captive by HRE, held for ransom C.Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 1.Crusaders collaborate with Venice, take Byzantine cities a.Venetian wealth, power, prestige greatly enhanced b.This Venetian wealth helped fund the Renaissance 2.Crusaders attack, sack, & occupy Constantinople, 1204 a.Pretense is to reinstall exiled emperor Alexius Angelus b.He failed to pay the Crusaders, they seized the city 3.Latin Kingdom of Constantinople, 1204-1261 4.Byzantium recovers, but greatly weakened a.Drives out Crusaders in 1261 b.Three Byzantine claimants, three states (1)Constantinople/Nicaea (2)Trebizond (3)Morea/Chalkidike D."Children's Crusade" of 1212 1.Not a crusade at all, a short-term mass hysteria of children 2.They believed that only children could retake Jerusalem 3.They believed God would part the sea for them, as he had for Moses 4.Most children were intercepted and sent home to their parents 5.Yet many children were sold into slavery by Venetians, Turks, etc. E.Fifth Crusade, 1219-1221 1.Ordered by Innocent III against Egyptian Mamluks 2.Takes Damietta in Egypt, the "key to the Nile" 3.The Sultan offers to exchange Jerusalem for Damietta, but the Crusaders refuse: they want to keep Damietta 4.Crusaders then lose Damietta 5.Crusade fails F.Sixth Crusade, 1229 1.Frederick II of HRE uses Diplomacy against Muslims 2.Frederick negotiates for and obtains Christian control of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, many lands in between 3.Frederick secures ten year truce, commercial treaties 4.Hostilities resume after ten year truce expires a.Christian army defeated at Gaza b.Jerusalem captured & sacked by Muslims, 1244 5.Frederick uses force against his Christian opponents a.Especially against the Templars and Hospitalers G.Seventh Crusade, 1248-54 1.Louis IX of France leads 2.Invasion of Egypt, fails H.Eighth Crusade, 1270-79 1.Louis IX of France leads 2.Invasion of Tunis & Egypt, fails 3.Louis dies of plague, crusading movement dies out 4.1276, King of Jerusalem retreats to Cyprus I.Later events 1.1291, Fall of Acre, last major Crusader stronghold in Palestine 2.1309, Knights Hospitallers occupy Rhodes 3.1396, Crusade of Nicopolis fails in SE Europe 4.1402, Knights Hospitallers expelled from Smyrna by Tamerlaine IV.Islamic Expansion into Europe, 1276-1570 A.1331, Nicaea taken by Turks B.1354, Gallipoli taken by Turks C.1369, Adrianople taken by Turks D.1389, Turks victorious at Kossovo E.1393, Turks capture Bulgaria F.1444, Turks victorious at Varna G.1448, Turks victorious at Kossovo H.1453, Constantinople taken by Turks I.1458, Athens taken by Turks J.1459, most Serbia taken by Turks K.1463, most of Bosnia taken by Turks L.1477, Montenegro taken by Turks M.1481, Hercegovina taken by Turks N.1516, Damascus taken by Turks O.1517, Egypt taken by Turks P.1518, Mecca and Medina taken by Turks Q.1521, Belgrade taken by Turks R.1523, Rhodes taken by Turks S.1526, Budapest taken by Turks T.1526, Turks victorious at Mohacs U.1528, rest of Bosnia taken by Turns V.1529, Vienna besieged by Turks (fails) W.1529, Algeria taken by Turks X.1543, most of Hungary taken by Turks (Hungarians flee to Austria) Y.1551, Tripoli captures by Turks Z.1570, Cyprus taken by Turks V.European Civilization Survives the Onslaught, 1571-1699 A.1571, Turkish fleet defeated at Lepanto B.1682, Turks begin long wars against Poland and Austria C.1683, Vienna besieged by Turks (fails) D.1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Turks cede Hungary to Austria E.1718, Turks retake Belgrade VI.Results of Middle Eastern Crusading Movement A.Idea of a European Christendom emerges (until 1517) B.Interchange of ideas & cultures (European, but also Islamic) C.Commercial Revolution, especially in Italian maritime cities D.Improved land & sea transportation E.Origins of European credit/debit banking (Templars) F.Christians of Levant abandoned to Muslim persecution & slavery G.Christians of SE Europe conquered by Muslim Turks H.Protestants often allied with Muslim Turks, split Christendom VII.Reconquista in Spain, 1000-1492 A.Christian kingdoms of the north gradually drive Muslims from Spain B.Military Orders: Knights of Calatrava C.1492, Final Expulsion of Muslims VIII.German Drang Nach Osten A.Against Baltic, Slavic, Russian lands B.Expand Latin Christendom C.Military Orders: Teutonic Knights D.Long term distrust between Russia and the West