I.Tudor England, 1485-1603 A.Henry VIII, 1509-1547 1.Seeks annulment from Catherine of Aragon a.He had earlier received papal permission to marry her b.He claims she is sterile, bearing only daughters c.The Church refuses this fraud d.Henry turns to Parliament for a "legal" solution 2.1534, Parliament passes "Act of Supremacy" a.Henry VIII declared head of the church in England b.Henry then persecutes and murders Catholics c.Henry goes through five more "wives" B.Edward VI, 1547-1553 1.1552, Act of Uniformity: Protestantism established by law a.Catholic faith declared illegal b.Catholic altars destroyed c.Protestant churchgoing mandatory to all d.Enforced used of household bread at Eucharist e.Church collections confiscated by the State f.Clergymen become state employees C.Mary I, 1553-1558 1.Daughter of Catherine of Aragon 2.Devout Catholic a.Tried to bring England back to the Church b.Reluctantly remains "Supreme Head of the English Church" 3.Marries Philip II of Spain 4.1554, Act of Supremacy repealed a.England granted absolution by the Pope 5.Widespread anti-Catholic rebellion a.Mary suppresses the rebellions (kills a few hundred) b.Beheads Lady Jane Grey for leading a rebellion c.Executes 6 Protestant leaders, including Cranmer 6.Anti-Catholic riots and rebellion isolate Mary, who died childless D.Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 1.General persecution of English Catholics a.Forbade the celebration of Mass b.Kills thousands of Catholics 2.1568-1569, Northern Rebellion a.Duke of Norfolk planned to marry Mary, Queen of Scots b.They hoped to promote a Catholic revival in the North c.Elizabeth forbids the marriage as treasonable, imprisons Mary in the Tower of London d.Northern Lords, mostly Catholic, rebel e.Elizabeth defeats them, hangs or burns 800 Catholics 3.1572, War of Extermination against English Catholics a.Duke of Norfolk and Mary Stuart still hoped to marry b.English Catholics looked with hope to this union c.Elizabeth beheads Norfolk d.Elizabeth hangs and disembowels 200 Catholic priests e.All Catholic priests imprisoned f.Catholics suffered civil forfeiture of all property 4.Anglo-Dutch piracy, 1577-1587 a.Dutch raid the Spanish coasts, shelter in England b.English pirates sink Spanish ships, take the gold c.Francis Drake loots the Spanish fleets, burns 30 ships in the harbor of C dis, blockaded Lisbon d.English investors in Drake's enterprise, in which Elizabeth was the chief investor, realized 4,700% profit in Spanish gold e.England intervenes against Spain in the Netherlands, sends 6,000 soldiers to fight Spain and the Catholic loyalists 5.1587, executes Mary, Queen of Scots, for treason a.Mary was a Catholic, and hence a threat b.Mary had continued to work for her freedom, despite being imprisoned for 19 years c.Elizabeth beheaded her and had her head held up for the Protestants to jeer at 6.1588, Philip II of Spain launches armada of 130 ships a.To end English piracy on the high seas b.To protect the Catholics of England c.To return England to Catholicism d.To assert Philip's claim to the throne as Mary's heir 7.1588, Destruction of the Spanish Armada a.Largely destroyed in combat & by storm b.English pirates gain control of the seas (1)Elizabeth's "Privateers" become the English navy (2)They gain the right to press Englishmen into service 8.1590s, Elizabeth turns on the Puritans a.Destroys Puritan printing presses b.Destroys Puritan meeting houses c.Imprisons and executes Puritan clergy d.Attendance at Anglican services mandatory to all e.Exiles or disembowels Puritans who refuse to conform 9.1596, Genocide in Catholic Ireland a.Elizabeth tried to exterminate Irish Catholics b.Irish and Anglo-Irish lords, fight for religious liberty c.Spain sends ships and troops to protect the Irish d.Elizabeth sends ships and troops to kill the Catholics, paying for the war with borrowed money e.Eventually Elizabeth has to endure a negotiated peace f.She leaves the Crown œ473,000 in debt 10.1603, Elizabeth dies, goes to Hell a.Tyrannical throughout last 15 years b.She dies unmourned, even by protestants II.Stuart England, 1603-1642: The First Phase A.1603-1623, James I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) B.1623-1649, Charles I (son of James I) C.Continued persecution of Catholics througout the period D.Calvinists want a Presbyterian state E.Anglicans want to preserve the status quo F.Civil war by 1640s G.Dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell, 1648-1658 1.Radical revolution, puritanism imposed on all a.Cromwell executes Charles I, 1649 b.Religious toleration of most Protestants c.Intense persecution of Catholics continues d.Genocide in Catholic Ireland e.Cromwell becomes "Lord Protector" f.Cromwell rules throgh army, ignores parliament 2.1658, Cromwell dies, goes to hell H.1660, Restoration of Stuart Monarchy 1.parliament invites Charles II to return from exile a.Son of Charles I b.He ruled very carefully and cautiously III.Stuart England, 1660-1688: The Second Phase A.1660-1685, Charles II 1.Reestablished Anglican Church 2.Forbids Catholics to worship or hold public office 3.Forbids Presbyterians to worship or hold public office 4.1673, Test Act(s) a.Catholics excluded from all public offices b.Catholics excluded from all universities c.public officials must take an oath to the state d.Religious tests in England and Ireland (1)Must receive Anglican communion (2)Must denounce transubstantiation (3)Must denounce Mass (4)Must renounce the Pope e.Test Acts in force until late 19th century (1)England, 1871 (2)Scotland, 1889 (3)Ireland, 1873 B.1685-1688, James II 1.Tries to grant religions freedom to Catholics a.Tories and Whigs both outraged 2.Has his son baptized as a Catholic a.Tories and Whigs will not accept a Catholic ruler 3.Parliament invites James' prot daughter, Mary, to become queen a.She and prot husband, William of Orange, invade in 1688 b.James II flees to France III.1689-1702, William and Mary A.Continued suppression of Catholics 1.forbidden to worship 2.excluded from public office 3.forbidden to attend a university B.Suppression of Catholics and Jews continues through 1880s