Archaic Greece, 900-490 B.C. I.General Cultural Developments A.Alphabetic Writing, c. 750 B.C. (from Phoenicians) B.Epic Poetry of Homer: Iliad, Odyssey C.Personal Poetry: Sappho, Pindar (celebrating the individual) D.Mythological writings: Hesiod E.Greek Religion(s) 1.Olympian Religion a.Public, Festive, Oracular b.Zeus, Athena, etc. 2.Household or Family religion a.Gods and goddesses of hearth/home, woods/waters 3.Mystery Religions a.Personal, Initiatory, Mantic b.Dionysius & other fertility deities c.Mother Goddess & Corn King (various names) F.First Olympic Games: 776 B.C. G.Archaic Art: Public & Humanistic 1.Temples, not Palaces & Tombs 2.Statuary & Painting expressive of human form H.Age of Overseas Colonization: c. 750-550 B.C. 1.To alleviate overpopulation & land shortage 2.To facilitate trade (and piracy) 3.Sacred Fire from mother-polis metropolis taken to colony 4.Patterns of colonization (much overlap) a.apoikia, independent colony, new citizenship b.cleruchy, dependent colony, citizenship in metropolis c.emporion, trading post 5.Colonies in Black Sea, Cyrene, Italy, Sicily, Gaul, Iberia a.Syracuse founded by Corinth. 743bc I.Military Technology: 1.Hoplite Warfare a.hoplon: round shield of the hoplite b.Helmet, bronze or leather c.Greaves, bronze or leather d.breastplate, bronze or leather e.Thrusting sword, iron 2.Phalanx - coordinated units, 3 or more ranks deep II.The Ethn‚: Greek Confederacies A.Population not concentrated in cities (yet cities within ethnos) 1.Political power & authority not concentrated in one city 2.Federation (Achaea), or "Canton State" (Lokris, Doris) B.Population united by tribal identities & common religious centers C.Arkadia, Achaia, Elis, Acarnia, Thessaly, Boiotia, Doris, Epeiros D.More resilient & long-lasting than the polis 1.Broader base of support 2.Not threatened by the destruction of one city E.In 4th and 3rd centuries many poleis join these federal leagues 1.The polis was in decline 2.Yet the ethnoi remained sturdy and resilient III.Greek Leagues A.Peloponnesian League ("Lacedaemonians and their Allies") B.Delphic Amphictyony - guarantees sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi C.Arcadian League - northern & central Peloponnesus, anti-Spartan D.Ionian League - centered at first on island of Delos IV.The Polis: Greek City-States A.Urbanization, perhaps derived from Mycenaean precedents (?) B.Importance of Citizenship (FWM21 w. land) 1.Tribes, Phratries, Clans, Guilds, families 2.Dorians: 3 tribes; Athenians: 4 tribes; Ionians: 6 tribes C.Importance of Hoplite Warfare D.Individualism within the Polis 1.Men: warfare, politics, business 2.Women: run households, some mysteries, no politics 3.Slaves: war captives or debt slaves, no rights V.Dorian Socio-Political Organization A.Warrior Class 1.Three Dorian Tribes: Hylleis, Dyamanes, Pamphyloi a.Tribal members organized into startoi/phratries (1)You are born into your father's phratry (2)Phratry is personal, not territorial b.Marriage within phratry, or at least within tribe c.Tribes also organized in clans d.individuals & families listed in tribal registry B.perioikoi, semi-autonomous communities & individuals 1.Dorian state acts as hegemon over perioikoi region 2.Usually citizens of conquered territory or forced allies 3.perioikoi regions are usually buffers around Dorian regions 4.Dorian overseers often resident in perioikoi regions 5.perioikoi supply troops to Dorians during war or rebellion C.Slaves 1.helots - state-owned slaves, usually conquered people 2.douloi - personally-owned slaves, often purchased D.Dorian Societal Organization 1.Kings (maintained rarely, as in Sparta) 2.kosmoi - 10 executive magistrates, from important phratries 3.boul‚ or gerousia - council of elders (heads of clans) a.ex-magistrates elected for life by apella 4.apella - or ekklesia - all full members of warrior class a.elect magistrates, gerousia b.approve/disapprove actions of magistrates/council c.decide between rival proposals of council E.Military training of youth in Dorian societies 1.age 17-19, intense military training, hunting, athletics a.those who pass earn military fellowship/citizenship b.those who fail become non-franchised citizens 2.age 19, young men may marry, but : a.life members of their military brotherhood for life b.eat their evening meal with their military brotherhood 3.system emphasizes loyalty to state, not tribe or family 4.tribe oversees religion, marriage, inheritance, etc. F.Dorian Poleis 1.Villages come together (synoicism) to control helots a.Protect against internal revolt b.organize & conduct external conquests 2.Social structure preserves master / serf relationship 3.Political structure preserves privileges of citizens G.Examples: Crete, Corinth, Megara, Thebes (maybe), Sparta VI.Sparta: an exaggerated Dorian example A."Barracks State" based on military preparedness B.two Kings Basileioi 1.religious & military functions 2.drawn from Agaiad and Eurypontid families C.Gerousia - Council of 30 1.28 elders (ex-magistrates 60+ years old) plus kings D.five Ephors 1.one drawn from each of 5 districts 2.supervise social system, inspect infants, give oaths 3.compel helots to take an oath annually not to rebel a.then if Helots rebel they can be slaughtered 4.declare war against helots annually E.Apella - assembly of fully-enfranchised warriors F.Three Classes of Residents 1.Spartiates a.homoioi full citizens enrolled in soldier's mess (1)9,000 in 480 (2)1,500 in 371 b.hypomeion inferior citizens rejected by soldier's mess 2.Perioikoi a.Villages around Sparta and in Messenia b.Often artisans or merchants, or free farmers 3.Helots a.state-owned slaves b.condition worsened radically after revolt of 460 G.Agoge - extended military training of Youth in Sparta 1.age 1-7, boys & girls raised by their mothers 2.age 7-17, boys raised in "herds" to become warriors 3.age 17-18, in crypteia - secret service against helots 4.age 20-30, live in barracks, although may marry at 20 5.age 30, elected to "equal" or "inferior" citizenship H.Lycurgus: Restructures state (c. 825-800? 600?) I.Great Rhetra, c. 800 1.establish religious sanctuaries to Zeus & Athena 2.synoecism to form [5] tribes & [5] obes (districts) 3.gerousia summons apella monthly, proposes measures 4.apella accepts or rejects proposals of gerousia J.Oracular "Rider" to Great Rhetra, c. 757 1.Limits power of apella 2."if the apella declares wrongly, kings & gerousia decide" K.Early Spartan History 1.850? synoecism of five Dorian villages to form Sparta a.Pitana, Mesoa, Limnae, Conooura, Amyclae 2.825-800, N.G.L. Hammond places Lycurgus here 3.800-873, conquest of Laconia, inhabitants made perioikoi 4.740-720, conquest of Messenia, inhabitants made Helots 5.706, establishes colony, Taras (Tarentum) in s. Italy 6.669, Sparta defeated by Argos 7.659, Sparta repulsed from attempted invasion of Arcadia 8.640-620, Great Messenian Revolt 9.546, defeats Argos, forces alliance, expels Argive tyrants 10.544, Spartan alliance with Lydia 11.540's, Spartan trade/diplomatic relations w/ Egypt & Levant 12.510, Sparta drives tyrants from Athens VII.Ionian Socio-Political Organization A.Ionian Poleis 1.Organized for defence against Carians & Lydians etc. 2.Usually occupy coastal islands, coastal valleys 3.Often isolated & vulnerable, concentrated around one city 4.Ionian poleis of Aegean & Asia Minor in Delian Amphictyony a.Centered on Island of Delos originally b.Athens joins this Amphictyony c.Athens also represents Ionians in Delphic Amphictyony 5.Ionian poleis of Asia Minor organize loose military league B.Warrior Class 1.Four ancient Ionian phylai (tribes) a.Geleontes, Argadeis, Aigikoreis, Hopletes 2.Two post-migration Ionian tribes for other Greek immigrants a.Boreis, Oenopes 3.Tribal members organized into phratries a.You are born into your father's phratry b.Phratry is personal, not territorial c.Marriage within phratry, or at least within tribe 4.each tribe organized territorially into trittys (thirds) a.thus 12 trittys in Attica (4 ancient Ionian tribes) b.thus 18 trittys in Samos (6 Ionian tribes) 5.Tribes also organized in clans (gene), clans into families 6.individuals & families listed in tribal registry C.Metics - resident aliens D.Slaves: douloi - personally-owned slaves, often purchased VIII.Athens: an exaggerated Ionian example A.Political Organization 1.Nine Archons (annual term) a.Basileus, Polemarch, Eponymous, b.six Thesmothetae (recorders) 2.Areopagus Council (meets on hill of Ares) a.Ex Archons, life term b.Foreign & Fiscal policy, Court (no appeal until Solon) 3.Ekklesia (assembly) a.Free Male Citizens enrolled in Phratry 4.Strategoi (sometime after 500 B.C.) a.10 generals b.One from each new tribe of CLeisthenes c.Can be reelected B.Three classes of inhabitants: Citizens, Metics, Slaves C.Social Organization of Citizens (before Cleisthenes) 1.Four Tribes a.Each tribe has kings & officers & councils b.Each tribe or phratry has its own laws & courts 2.Each tribe divided into three Phratries a.Each phratry subdivided into: b.Clans (gene) (1)Racial group, common ancestry (2)Members own inalienable lands c.Guilds (orgeones) (1)Descendants of refugees, immigrants (2)Any land owned was alienable D.Cylon, 623 1.Attempts to establish tyranny at Athens 2.Defeated, blockaded on Acropolis 3.Followers killed at altar (or under safe conduct) 4.Alcmaeonidae guilty of the blood crime a.Banished from Athens for all time (not really) b.Alcmaeonidae dead exhumed & exiled E.Draco: elected Thesmothete (recorder) c. 621 1.Publishes an Athenian law code 2.Strengthens authority of state over crimes of bloodshed a.State sets procedures, clans/phratries follow them 3.Harsh laws regarding debt, including debt slavery F.Solon: Eponymous Archon, c. 592 1.Laws of Solon are written in poetry 2.Eliminates most debt slavery of individuals & land 3.Invites some Metics & immigrants to become citizens 4.Economics: Olives as an export crop (other exports banned) 5.Four new census classes of citizenship a.500 Bushel men (Pentakosiomedimnoi) (1)Can become Archons (2)Pay the Eisphora tax b.300 Bushel men (Hippeis) (1)Can become Archons (2)Pay the Eisphora tax c.200 Bushel men (Zeugetae) (1)Can hold minor offices d.Poor farmers & laborers (Thetes) (1)Pay no taxes 6.Boul‚ - Council of 400 drawn from 100 of each class a.Sets agenda & offers advice to the Araeopagus b.The Areopagus can still override any vote c.Heliaea: appeals court, 6000 jurors drawn from Ekklesia G.Pisistratus: Seizes Power as Tyrant 546 1.Lands at Marathon w/ mercenaries & allies, marches on Athens a.Occupies Athens, takes hostages (normal) 2.Does not change constitution, but controls offices 3.Promotes authority of state over clans & phratries 4.Veterans pensions, public works, cultural renaissance 5.Dies in 528/7, succeeded by sons Hippias & Hipparchus a.Hipparchus assassinated in 514 (1)by Harmodius & Aristogeiton (2)Thereafter Hippias suspicious & brutal b.Hippias driven out by Spartans in 510 (King Cleomenes) H.Cleisthenes: 508/507 1."Father of Democracy", reforms last 300 years 2.Member of Alcmaeonidae family 3.Member of Areopagus, an ex-Archon a.Exiled under Peisistratids, but returns b.Manipulates Council of 400 and Ekklesia 4.Abolishes political role of old tribes, clans, phratries 5.Divides Attica into 3 regions: Plain, Shore, Hill a.150 demes b.30 trittyes (5 demes) 6.10 new tribes (3 trittyes each, one from each region) a.Clansmen and Guildsmen alike fully enrolled b.Each tribe thus a cross-section of citizens (1)but Alcmaeonidae dominate 4 tribes! 7.50 men from each tribe make up Boul‚ Council of 500 a.Each tribal group ruled for 10th of the year (prytany) 8.Most public officials proportionally selected by machines a.Generals (strategoi) still elected 9.called isonomia, but sounds more like a new synoecism 10.Cleisthenes may have initiated Ostracism a.ten year exile, annual secret ballot in ekklesia b.Cleisthenes may have been ostracized himself c.First known ostracism in 488-487, after Cleisthenes I.Ephialtes, archon of 462/461 1.pro-democracy, opposes pro-aristocratic Cimon 2.transferred most araeopagus powers to Boul‚ or Heliaea a.Areopagus retains only religious functions J.Perikles, public life c. 450 - 429 1.Alcmaeonid on mother's side 2.Expands power of Heliaea, Ekklesia, Boul‚ 3.Hires Thetes as rowers in the Athenian Navy a.Making them eligible for public offices 4.Allows 200 Bushel Men to hold all public offices 5.Payment (misthos) for service in Heliaea, Boul‚, Juries a.Initially this allows poorer classes to serve b.But eventually becomes a Jobs program c.Athenians vote themselves a Free Lunch 6.Uses part of Delian League funds to rebuild Acropolis 7.Uses Ostracism to exile his enemies 8.Athenians elect Perikles as Strategos each year, 443-431 9.Democracy swiftly becomes mobocracy after his death Persian Wars, 499 - 479 B.C. I.Persians & Greeks in Asia Minor A.Persian Empire controls Ionian Greek Cities B.499 - 494, Ionian Greeks revolt against Persia C.Athens & Eritrea send aid to Ionians II.Darius I, Emperor of Persia (d. 486 B.C.) A.Demands that European Greeks submit to Persians B.Athenians & Spartans (& others) refuse C.492 - 1st Expedition 1.Persians cross to Europe, Thrace & Macedon submit 2.Persian fleet destroyed by storm at Mt. Athos 3.Persian army returns to Asia D.490 - 2nd Expedition against Naxos, Eretria, Athens & Sparta 1.Persia demands submission from Greeks a.Many do submit, islands and mainland b.Sparta & Athens execute the Persian envoys 2.Naxos & Eretria destroyed, survivors deported 3.Athenians defeat Persians at Marathon a.Athenian dead = 192, Persian dead = 6,400 b.Athenians buried in a mound, still there c.192 Athenians commemorated in Parthenon frieze III.Greeks organize Hellenic League (Sparta & Athens & few others) A.Themistokles, great influence in Athens in 480s B.Silver from the Mines of Laurium, "Wooden Wall" IV.Xerxes I, Emperor of Persia A.480, Invades Greece w/ 220,000 soldiers, 650,000 total 1.Coordinates with Carthage, which assaults Greeks in Sicily 2.Persian army drinks rivers dry in Asia Minor 3.Two Pontoon/Suspension bridges at the Hellespont a.1,500 meters across the straights b.Cables over Triremes; 360 and 314 ships c.Still no modern bridge there today! B.480, September 17-20 - Battles of Thermopylae & Artemision 1.King Leonidas of Sparta at Thermopylae a.seven day delay (4 waiting, 3 fighting) b.Ephialtes of Melos the traitor c.Persians bury the honored Spartan dead d.But behead & crucify the body of Leonidas 2.Sea Battle off Artemision w. Persian Fleet a.Persians lose 1/2 fleet to storms, battle 3.Persians advance, Delphi & Athens evacuated a.Persians driven from Delphi by lightning b.Sept. 28, Athens looted & burned C.480 - Battle of Salamis Straights 1.Role of Themistokles a.We stand and fight, hold to the naval strategy b.Ruse of Themistokles lures in Persians 2.Persian fleet largely destroyed D.479 - Plataea & Mycale 1.Persians defeated on land at Plataea 2.Persian fleet destroyed at Mycale (near Miletus) V.Results of the War A.Golden Age of Greece B.Delian League & Athenian Empire VI.Greeks & Carthaginians in Sicily A.Greek colonization of Sicily begins in 730s 1.734, Syracuse founded from Corinth 2.755, Messina (Zancla) founded from Cumae & Chalcis 3.706, Tarentum founded from Sparta 4.688, Gela founded from Crete and Rhodes 5.648, Himera founded from Messina (Zancla) 6.588, Acragas founded from Gela B.Carthaginian incursions begin in 720s 1.Phoenecian "capitols" in Tyre and Beirut 2.Phoenecian enclaves in the west by 1000 BC a.Utica in north africa (modern Tunisia) b.Cadiz in Spain 3.813, Carthage founded from Tyre (Phoenecians/Canaanites) a.Led by Queen Dido, great-niece of Biblical Jezebel b.Phoenecians known for treachery, slave raiding, temple prostitution of their daughters, infant sacrifice, peculiarities Canaanite religion (Moloch/Melkor, Bes, Tanit) 4.750s, Carthage dominates western Phoenecians (Canaanites) 5.720, Carthaginian enclave established at Motya in Western Sicily 6.This enclave used for wars against Greeks in Sicily C.Syracuse, "capitol" of the Western Greeks, 734-211 1.734, Syracuse founded from Corinth 2.Aristoracy to 490bc 3.485-478, tyrant Gelon a.480, Carthaginian invasion (1)coordinated with Persian invasion of Greece (2)Carthage defeated at Battle of Himera (3)insures continued independence of western Greeks 4.478-467, tyrant Hieron I (brother of Gelon) 5.467-406, democracy under Diocles a.Athenian campaigns against Syracuse (1)427-424 (fails) (2)415-413, led by Alcibiades (fails) (3)Sicilian polis of Gela supports Syracuse in these wars b.Carthaginians conquer most of Sicily by 408 (1)409, Selinus & Himera fall to Carthage (2)406, Acragas & Gela fall to Carthage 6.406-367, tyrant Dionysius I "strategos autokrator" a.Vistorious in major wars against Carthage (1)397, destroys Motya (2)Syracuse eventually rules most of Sicily (3)Carthage rules a small western enclave b.388, Syracuse controls Magna Graecia in Italy c.Dionysius I a patron of arts, literature, philosophy 7.337-317, democracy under Timoleon 8.317-307, Agathocles a.317-305, tyrant b.305-289, king c.Desperate wars against Carthage (1)He almost captures Carthage, but fails (2)Carthage almost captures Syracuse, but fail d.Ruthless domination of Sicily (1)311, slaughters 4,000 citizens of Gela 288-278, tyrant Hicetas 10.275-215, king Hieron II a.allies w/ Carthage against Rome b.defeated by Rome c.Roman ally to 215 11.215-122, tyrant Hieromymus a.allies w/ Carthage against Rome b.defeated by Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus c.211, Marcellus sacks Syracuse (1)scientist & munitions expert Archimedes killed (2)Syracuse thereafter controlled by Rome Greek Triumph & Defeat, 479-332 I.Greeks and Persians, 479-477 A.Large-Scale Greek Alliance against Persia, Second Ionian Revolt B.Failure of Spartan leadership, Sparta withdraws C.Athens heads up "Delian" League (symmachia), 478 1.Aristides the Just (assesses each polis' share of tribute) 2.Athens enlarges its fleet, others contribute money II.Athenian Empire in the Aegean and Ionia A.Themistokles ostracized in 471 B.470-454 - Cimon dominates Athenian politics & warfare 1.469, Defeats Persians at Eurymedon River 2.465, Greek poleis of Asia Minor freed of Persian rule 3.454, Persians destroy Athenian fleet/army in Nile C.Athens moves Delian treasury to Athens after 450 D.450-429 - Perikles dominates Athenian politics & warfare 1.Alcmaeonid on his mother's side 2.Powerful speeches stir the Athenians (Funeral Oration) 3.Uses Ostracism to exile enemies 4.Relies on Athenian thetes to row ships 5.Alternates aggression & conciliation with Sparta 6.Rebuilds City using money from Delian League E.448, Peace of Callias 1.Persia agrees not to interfere in Aegean or Ionian poleis 2.Athens agrees not to interfere in Egypt or Libya F.440s, Athenian imperialism against Delian League states 1.Forced membership & tribute, forced democracy a.Euboea crushed in 447/46 b.Miletus crushed in 446/45 c.Samos crushed in 440 2.Athenians install garrisons & cleruchies in allied poleis 3.Melian Dialogue - the strongest rule, the weak submit III.Athenian Aggression on the Greek Mainland, 462-432 A.462 - Athens initiates hostilities against Peloponnesian League B.457 - Spartans defeat Athenians at Tangara, in Boeotia C.456/55 - Athens attacks Corinth & Sicyon from the west D.448-447 - Boeotians defeat Athenians, form alliance with Sparta E.446/45 - Thirty Years Truce between Spartan League and Athens F.433 - Athens breaks truce, aids Corcyra in war against Corinth G.433 - Athens attacks Potidea, a Corinthian ally/colony H.433 - Athens denies Megarans access to Athenian or Delian markets I.432 - Corinth & Megara insist that Sparta declare war on Athens IV. Peloponnesian Wars (432 - 404) A.432 - Peloponnesians unite against Athens, war begins B.Athens fights sea war (takes refuge behind Long Walls) C.Sparta fights land war (has few ships, initially) D.Each side regularly massacres/enslaves defeated enemies 1.431 - Plataeans massacre Theban prisoners 2.429 - Sparta massacres Plataeans 3.428 - affair of Mitylene, on Lesbos 4.416 - Athenians kill men of Melos, enslave women & children 5.431-422 - Cleon often dominates Athenian politics & warfare 6.421-415, Fifty Year Truce 7.policy: Seek Athenian Victory at all costs 8.Present at debate over Mytilene in 428, proposes slaughter E.425 - Spartans defeated at Sphacteria, 292 Spartans captured F.423 - Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis, in Thrace G.421-418 Peace of Nicias (Athenian general) H.418 - Athens & Argos defeated at Mantinea I.415-413, Sicilian Expedition of Athens 1.Against Syracuse, a commercial rival to Athens 2.Athenians lose 120 Triremes, 40,000 troops killed J.Brief Oligarchy of 400 in 412-410 1.The Four Hundred dissolve Cleisthenic & Periclean reforms 2.Overthrown by Athenians returning from coast of Samos K.420-404 - Alcibiades often dominates Athenian politics & warfare 1.Alcmaeonid on mother's side; student of Socrates 2.policy: continue Peloponnesian war at all costs a.War economy good for economy, stipends for Athenians 3.Proposed & organized catastrophic Sicilian expedition a.Frequently ostracized, recalled twice L.405 - Spartan Lysander crushes Athenian fleet at Aegospotami 1.Athens besieged by land & sea, capitulates 2.Athens occupied by Spartan garrison M.404 - Oligarchic Council of Thirty installed by Sparta 1.led by Critias, it is tyrannical and murderous 2.they kill/exile democrats, kill/exile rich Metics N.403 - Thrasybulus leads Athenian revolt, democracy restored V.Hegemonic Leagues, 404 - 338 A.404-371, Spartan hegemony 1.Established by Persian gold a.Spartans support Cyrus & the Ten Thousand b.Spartan / Persian friendship waned 2.Spartans often install local governors & garrisons a.Spartan "equals" diminished by warfare b.Sparta relies on "inferiors," perioikoi & mercenaries 3.Persians spread gold & stir up dissent against Sparta B.371 - Thebes defeats Sparta at Battle of Leuctra 1.Thebes led by Epaminondas 2.370-369, Thebes & Boeotians ravage Laconia Sparta defended by Equals, Perioikoi, helots b.Messenia liberated c.Arcadian League creates Megalopolis by synoecism C.371-362 Theban domination 1.Theban general Epaminondas leads Boeotian League 2.Thebes as arrogant & predatory as Athens or Sparta 3.Persians spread gold & stir up dissent against Thebes 4.362, Athens leads alliance that defeats Thebes D.Stasis: continuous inter-city warfare weakens Greece E.Greece becomes easy picking for Macedonia Classical Greek Culture, 480-332 I.Greek Historical Writing A.Hecateus (500s): ethno-geography of the Mediterranean B.Herodotus (484-425): Persian Wars C.Thucydides (460-400: Peloponnesian Wars D.Xenophon: Anabasis; History of My Times II.Greek Philosophy A.Natural Philosophy in Miletus / Ionian Enlightenment 1.Thales (580s): primal matter = water 2.Anaximander (550s): primal = infinite = hot, wet, cold, dry 3.Anaximenes (520s): primal = air; human soul is air 4.Heraclitus (500s): primal = fire 5.Democritus (460-370): primal = atoms B.Sophists 1."Professional teachers interested in preparing students for public life" (Sullivan) 2.Protagoras of Athens (485-410) C.Pythagoras (late 6th - early 5th) 1.Human souls as fallen gods; trapped in a body 2.Metempsychosis 3.Mathematical interconnectedess D.Socrates (469-433) 1.Moral philosophy of right action 2.Learning relies on intuition 3.Epistemology: to believe, to think, to know 4.left no writings, dialogues described by Plato 5.Many of S's students extremely troublesome to Athens E.Plato (427-347) 1.Human soul is eternal; trapped in a body 2.Learning is remembering what we already know 3.Higher reality glimpsed by man only as shadow 4.Apologist for Socrates F.Aristotle (384-322) 1.Body & soul an integral unity 2.Learning is properly based on logic & observation 3.Logic & principle of non-contradiction 4.some higher realities understandable a.senses, reason, logic allow us to perceive reality 5.Epistemology: to believe, to think, to know G.Greek Medicine 1.Hippocrates (460-377) & Hippocratic Oath III.Greek Religion A.Olympian Religion 1.Public, Festive, Oracular, (also, temple prostitution) 2.Zeus, Athena, etc. B.Household or Family religion 1.Gods and goddesses of hearth and home 2.Gods and goddesses of woods and waters C.Mystery Religions 1.Personal, Initiatory, Mantic 2.Dionysius & other fertility deities 3.Mother Goddess & Corn King (various names) 4.Adepts may have used hallucinogens (R. Graves) IV.Greek Drama A.Aeschylus (525-456): Orestia B.Sophocles (495-405): Theban Plays C.Euripides (480-406): Medea D.Aristophanes (445-385): Lysistrata, Knights V.Greek Art & Architecture A.Public Architecture of Temples to idealized gods B.Public theaters for entertainment & education C.Public monuments to idealized gods & war heroes VI.Greek Politics A.Ideal of City-State and Citizenship B.Populist Government: Tyranny; Democracy Hellenistic World, 338 - A.D. 14 I.Macedonian Conquest of Greece & Persian Empire A.Philip II of Macedon (359-336) conquers Greece by 338 [Queen=Olympias] 1.Organizes Greek cities in League of Corinth against Persia a.Philip = hegemon B.Alexander the Great (336-323) carries out Philip's Plan 1.Educated by Aristotle 2.May have been guilty of parricide 3.Brutal drunkard, destroys cities, butchers and enslaves thousands, kills friends, then wakes up sorry C.Alexander's Battles, Campaigns, Conquests & Occupations 1.fall of 335, Thebes defeated & demolished, people enslaved 2.summer of 334, Battle of Granicus in Asia Minor 3.autumn of 333, Battle of Issus in coastal Syria 4.summer of 332, Alexander brutalizes, Samaria, Tyre and Gaza 5.autumn of 332, Alexander occupies Egypt, hailed as a god 6.summer of 331, Battle of Gaugamela, in northern Iraq 7.Spring of 330, Alexander burns Persepolis, in SW Iran 8.winter of 330, Alexander in Kabul, in Afghanistan 9.spring of 329, Alexander in Bactria, on Syr-Darya river 10.summer of 326, Battle of Hydaspes, in upper Pakistan 11.fall, 325, Alexander marches from Indus mouth to Babylon 12.June 10, 323, Alexander dies of malaria in Babylon D.Alexander & Greeks Conquer Persian Empire by 323 1.Tries to mingle Greeks & Persians 2.Adopts Persian "Great King" style of rule 3.Alexander falls ill during a long drunk, dies in Babylon 4.His generals, "diadochoi" spend decades fighting for control II.Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-27 B.C. A.Greece unimportant, poleis insignificant, large kingdoms prevail B.Empire of the Seleucids in Syria/Babylonia (to 64 B.C.) C.Empire of the Ptolemies in Egypt (to 27 B.C.) D.Kingdom of the Antigonids in Macedonia (to 148 B.C.) E.Kingdom of the Attalids in Pergamum (to 133 B.C.) F.Kingdom of the Mithridatids in Pontus (to 64 B.C.) G.Kingdom of the Euthydemids in Bactria (to 130 B.C.) III.Hellenistic Culture, 332 onwards A.Greek plus Macedonian plus Oriental influences 1.Strong female rulers: Olympias, Arsinoe, Cleopatra 2.Centrally planned economies, planned cities 3.Greek Cities built throughout Hellenistic World a.in Afganistan, Egypt, NW India, Persia, Soghdia etc. B.Polis in decay, thought to be obsolete 1.Greek cities organized into leagues by Macedonian kings 2.Macedonians champion "freedom of the Greeks," but dominate C.Mystery Religions gradually supplant Olympian religion 1.Dying and Rising God: Osiris, Serapis, Tammuz 2.Offered Healing or Resurrection to Believers D.Stoicism: tolerance, duty, endurance & virtue 1.Zeno the Stoic E.Hellenistic Art 1.Larger scale, openly celebrative and personal 2.Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (now @ Berlin) 3.Emphasis on personality & emotions