I.The Holy Roman Empire A.Stem Duchies: Saxony, Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, Lorraine B.Extensive eastwards expansion: "Drang nach Osten" C.Saxon Kings and Emperors (918-1025) 1.Henry I "the Fowler," 918-936 2.Otto the Great, king, 936-973, emperor 962-973 a.Compels Dukes to accept his leadership b.Defeated Magyars at Battle of Lechfeld, 955 c.Intervenes in Italy in 951, consolidates power (1)Italy an important source of funds d.Imperial Coronation of 962 e.Lay Investiture of Bishops, Abbots, Abbesses in HRE 3.Later HRE's follow tradition of Otto I a.Sacral Kingship: emphasis on sacred role of emperor b.Lay Investiture c.Ministeriales, secular officials bound to royal service d.Curia Regis, Imperial Diet, Town Charters, "Imperial" Cities 4.Otto II, 973-983 5.Otto III, 983-1002 6.Henry II, 1002-1024 D.Salian Emperors (1024-1125) 1.Conrad II "the Salian," 1024-1039 2.Henry III, 1039-1056 a.Promotes religious reform, especially Cluniac reform b.Papal curia begin to oppose lay investiture 3.Henry IV, 1056-1106 a.Investiture Struggle b.Excommunicated, 1076 c.Submits, 1077 d.Drives Pope Gregory VII from Rome in 1084 e.But ultimately deposed and arrested by his own son 4.Henry V, 1106-1125 a.1122, Concordat of Worms (1)Renounces lay investiture (2)Receives homage for Church lands, retains veto 5.Lothar III of Supplinburg, 1125-1137 (non-Salian) E.Hohensatauffen [Staufer] Emperors (1138-1254) 1.Conrad III, 1138-1152 2.Friedrich I "Barbarossa," 1152-1190 a.Increased royal domain, under admin of ministerials b.Granted liberties to cities in return for financial support c.Long struggle with papacy over clerical appointments & properties d.Long struggle with Lombard League in northern Italy e.Subdues or allies with most great families, except Welfs f.Drowns in Asia Minor during Third Crusade g.His son Henry marries heiress of Sicily, surrounding the Pope 3.Henry VI, 1190-1197 a.Claims throne of Sicily b.Dies young, leaves an infant son, Frederick 4.Hohenstauffen & Welf factions war until 1212 5.Friedrich II Hohenstauffen, 1212-1250 a.Made sweeping concessions to Papacy and Nobility in HRE b.Transforms Sicily into a centralized, absolutist state (1)Constitutions of Melfi, 1231 c.When he tried this in Italy, the cities rebelled d.Frederick virtually ignores Germany e.Imperial power over Church, Duchies, Towns withers to nil 6.Interregnum, 1254-1273 (multiple contenders) II.Kingdom of England A.William I "the Conqueror," 1066-1087 1.Conquers England during a succession struggle 2.Makes his Norman vassals tenants in chief, barons 3.All subvassals owe allegiance to the King 4.Brutalizes the Northern shires 5.Incorporates Church into this hierarchical structure a.but grants considerable liberty to Churchmen b.Poses as a religious reformer 6.Replaces Witan with Curia Regis 7.Imposes direct taxes on all English subjects a.As assessed in Domesday Book, 1086 B.Henry I, 1100-1135 1.Exchecquer, for collecting moneys due the king 2.Treasury, guarding & dispensing royal funds 3.Chancery, for issuing royal orders & correspondence 4.Royal Courts of Justice a.Extends royal jurisdiction into all realms b.Sells writs for people who wish to use these courts C.Henry II, 1154-1189 1.Rules an extensive "Angevin Empire" 2.Extends royal authority into shires through Sheriffs 3.Sheriffs maintain grand juries in their shires D.John, 1199-1216 1.High-handed and arbitrary 2.Imposes higher taxes to fund wars, but he loses 3.Nobility and clergy rebell in 1214 4.John compelled to sign Magna Carta in 1215 5.After a long struggle, submits to Pope Innocent III E.Henry III, 1216-1272 1.Inept foreign policy and fiscally irresponsible 2.Widespread abuses of power, corruption among royal officials 3.Major baronial rebellion F.Edward I, 1272-1307 1.Administrative reforms correct abuses & corruption 2.Parliament: knights, clergy, burghers 3.Parliament gains right to make laws binding on the king III.Kingdom of France A.Hugh Capet, 987-996 1.Authority limited to area around Paris "Isle de France" 2.Capetians slowly gain control of Burgundy, Dreux, Brittany 3.King gradually installs Capetian Counts & Dukes 4.These regions then usually supports Capetians 5.Normandy often rebellious 6.Anjou usually rebellious 7.Aquitaine powerful, often ignores Capetians 8.No Capetian authority in Languedoc, Tolouse until 13th B.Louis VI, 1108-1137 1.Begins royal administrative & judicial system 2.Acts as judge in disputes between vassals C.Louis VII, 1137-1180 1.Hapless & inept (Sullivan) 2.Divorces Eleanor of Aquitaine 3.She marries his enemy: Henry of Anjou D.Philip II "Augustus," 1180-1223 1.Disrupts, weakens Angevin empire under Henry II & Richard I 2.Siezes John's fiefs & defeats him in battle a.Battle of Bouvines, 1214 3.Builds machinery of state a.Curia Regis b.Bailiffs hold courts, collect taxts, maintain order c.Royal administration/control of justice E.St. Louis IX, 1226-1270 1.Curis Regis gradually becomes Estates General 2.Network of investigators to watch & report on the bailiffs 3.Leads Crusade to Holy Land (fails miserably) F.Philip IV, 1285-1314 1.Summons Estates General 3 times 2.Major victory over Pope Boniface VIII IV.Spanish Kingdoms A.Kingdom of Asturias established by 718 (or 722) 1.Leaders claim descent from Visigoths 2.Asturias established as a refuge, point of resistance B.Some Kings of Asturias-Leon (718-910) 1.Pelayo, 718/22-737 a.great-nephew of Rodrigo, last Gothic king ? b.Victory over Muslim army at Covadonga, 722 2.Alfonso I "the Catholic", 739-757 a.Descendent of Gothic kings Leovigild and Reccared ? b.Extends Christian control to Galicia c.Lays waste to the Duero basin to create a buffer zone 3.Ordo¤o I, 850-866 a.Captures Leon and Astorga b.begins repopulation of northern Duero basin 4.Alfonso III "the Great," 866-910 a.Captures Porto, repopulates Duero basin b.Fortifies Zamorra, Oporto, Brago; founds Burgos c.Erects many castles on southern border: Castile C.Some Kings and Queens of Leon/Castille (to 1504) 1.Sancho Garcia III/I "el Mayor," 1004-1035 2.Fernando I "the Great," 1035-1065 of L‚on-Castile 3.Alfonso VI, 1065-1109 of Leon-Castile a.Claims title: totius hispaniae imperator b.Aggressive warfare against Muslim states c.Captures Toledo in 1085 d.Era of Rodrigo DĦaz de Vivar, "El Cid" e.State building: curia regis, issues coins 4.Queen Urraca, 1109-1126 a.Struggles against Aragon (ruled by her husband) (1)Aragon occupies much of eastern Castile b.Struggles against Portugal (ruled by her sister) (1)Portugal gradually becomes independent c.Despite problems, maintains Castilian ascendency 5.Alfonso VII "el Emperador," 1126-1157 a.Recovers lands lost to Aragon, consolidates Castile b.Major advances southwards: Calatrava, 1146 c.Homage from Aragon-Barcelona, Navarre, Portugal d.Leon/Castile partitioned between his sons in 1157 6.Alfonso VIII of Castile, 1158-1214 a.Organizes unified Christian Crusade in Iberia b.Wins battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 7.St. Fernando III, 1217-1252 a.Reunites Leon and Castile as single kingdom b.Reduces Muslim taifa states to dependencies by 1228 c.Captures Cordoba, 1236 (allows Muslims to remain) d.Captures Seville, 1248 e.Visigothic Code translated into Castilian: Fuero Juzgo f.major "state building," emergence of the cortez 8.Alfonso X "el Sabio," 1252-1284 a.Captures Cadiz, 1259 b.Law Codes: Fuero Real; Especulo de las leyes c.Law Code/Legal Philosophy: Siete Partidas d.Claims HRE as great-grandson of Barbarossa 9.Pedro the Cruel, 1350-1369 10.Enrique II, 1369-1379 11.Queen Isabella the Catholic, 1474-1504 a.marries Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516 b.1492, Captures Grenada, last Muslim state in Spain V.Kingdom of Poland (Piast dynasty to 1399) A.Polonia established by Lech, at Gniezno (nest), 700s B.centers: Poznan, Gniezno, Wroclaw, Krakow C.Piast dynasty founded by Chrosciszko. c. 840 D.921-992, Mieszko I (Dagobert in western sources) 1.965, marries Princess Dubrovka of Bohemia 2.966, converts to Roman Catholic faith 3.991, puts Poland under protection of the Pope (John XV) a.Poland orientated to Rome (Romanitas) E.992-1025, Boleslav I Chobry 1.1000, invested as King by Otto III and the Pope F.1025-1034, Miesco II 1.loses much territory to Germany and Kievan Rus' G.1034-1058, Casimir I "The Restorer" 1.reunites a divided Poland H.1058-1079, Boleslav II 1.1079, martyrs St. Stanislaus of Cracow I.1243-1279, Boleslav The Pious 1.1264, General Charter of Jewish Liberties 2.Jews autonomous self-governing communities J.1333-1370, Casimir III "The Great" 1.1364, Krakow University created K.1384-1399, Queen Jadwiga 1.1386, marries Wlasyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania 2.He converts to Christianity 3.Founds Jagiellonian Dynasty of Poland (to 1660) L.1386-1434, Wladislaw Jagiello (Jagiellonian Dynasty) 1.1413, "Act of Union" unites Poland-Lithuania 2.Poland-Lithuania stretches from Oder to Volga 3.This was a Republic a.bicameral legislature (Sejm) b.Supreme Court of Appeals 4.1433, Act of Krakow, Habeus Corpus VI.Kingdom of Bohemia (Premyslid dynasty) A.center: Prague B.890s, Borijov convers to Roman Catholic faith 1.Bohemia under pastoral care of bishop of Regensburg C.905-921, Vratislav I D.921-929, St. Wenceslas I (murdered by brother) E.928-972, Boleslav I (dependency on Germany) F.972-999, Boleslav II 1.973, Prague becomes an bishopric G.999-1003, Boleslav III 1.dependency on, then vassalage to Germany VII.Kingdom of Hungary (Arpad dynasty) A.centers: Estergom, Visegrad, Buda, Pest, B.890s, invading Hungarians (Magyars) destroy Moravian Empire C.880s-907, Arpad, founder of Hungarian kingdom D.900s-950s, Hungarians raid Germany, Italy, southern France E.955, Hungarians defeated by Otto Great at Lechfeld F.972-997, Geza, converts to Roman Catholic faith G.997-1038, St. Stephen I 1.995?, baptized by St. Adalbert of Prague 2.1000, receives royal crown from Pope Sylvester II 3.1000, received royal blessing from HRE Otto III 4.consolidates Hungary and Transylvana as Christian kingdom VIII.Kingdoms of Rus' (Ruric dynasty) A.centers: Kiev, Volnya, Novgorod, Chernigov, Smolensk, Ladoga B.840s, Ruric (Rus', or Viking, or Varangian) C.882?-913, Oleg 1.Builds Rus' state based on Kiev and Novgorod 2.Viking and Slav aristoracy merge through intermarriage 3.treaty establishes commercial relations with Byzantium D.Igor, 913-945 1.Collects tribute from east Slavs and southern nomads 2.Killed by southern nomads who resent paying tribute E.945-962 Olga "the wisest woman of Russia," wife of Igor 1.Avenges his death by harrying southern nomads 2.Establishes formal tribute system F.962-972, Sviatoslav 1.Conquers Volga Bulgars 2.Attempts to conquer Danube Bulgars, defeated by Byzantium G.980-1015, St. Vladimir 1.988, converts to Byzantine Orthodox faith H.1036-1054, Jaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of all Russia 1.Major building programs in Kiev, Novgorod, etc. 2.Diplomatic and economic relations with European kingdoms 3.Relations with Byzantium, Khazaria, the Caliphate, Western Europe 4.Daughters and sons marry into European royal families 5.Divides land among his sons I.1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh 1.Last Rus' king to rule all of the Rus' lands J.1125-1237, Regional warring states ruled by descendants of Vladimir Monomakh 1.Novgorod (north west) 2.Vladimir-Suzdal (north east) 3.Smolensk (north central) 4.Chernigov (northwest Ukraine) 5.Kiev (central Ukraine) 6.Volnya/Vilnius (west) K.1169, Kiev sacked by northern Rus' L.1205, Kiev sacked by northern Rus' M.1237-1240, Mongol Conquest 1.Mongols burn Moscow, Vladimir, Kiev, people massacred 2.Central & Eastern Russia dominated 200 years by Mongols 3.Rus' pay tribute of money and troops to the Mongols 4.Northern Rus' look northwards to Novgorod for leadership 5.Kiev Rus' look to westwards to Volnya/Vilnius for leadership N.1240-1320, Rise of Novgorod Rus' 1.Republic of Novgorod remains independent (but tributary) 2.1240's German/Swedish invasion of northern Russia a.Alexander Nevskii of Novgorod defeats the Swedes & Germans b.Nevskii's son installed as chief tax-collector for Mongols (1)Son operates out of Moscow (2)Moscow becomes center of Tax Collection 3.1250s-1350s, Moscow Rus' conquer northern Rus' a.Novgorod captured & occupied, 1340 O.1340s, Rise of Volnya/Vilnius Rus' 1.Princes of of Vilnius/Lithuania drive Mongols from western Ukraine 2.Centers of Lithuanian/Rus' authority in Vilnius & Kiev 3.1386, Grand Prince, Jagiello, marries Queen of Poland, Jadwiga 4.1413, "Act of Union" unites Poland-Lithuania 5.Vilnius, Krakow, Kiev centers of resistance to Mongols & Moscow Rus' P.1450's, Mongol Golden Horde disintegrates (yet they burn Moscow in 1500's) Q.1462-1505, Ivan III "The Great" 1.ends tribute to Mongols 2.1470 - captures Novgorod (again) 3.marries Sophia Palaeologus R.1533-1585, Ivan IV "The Terrible" 1.Struggles against Rus' nobility, terrorizes & subjugates them 2.Kills his eldest son in a fit of rage S.1598-1613, The Time of Troubles T.1610-1645, Michael Romanov, Czar of Russia, in Moscow U.1600s, Moscow Rus' begins conquest of Ukraine, Lithuania