I.Intellectual Traditions of the Second Temple Period A.Universal Education of Judeans after 60 B.C. 1.High Priest Joshua ben Gamala insists that every synagogue establish an Elementary School to educate Judean children 2.Academies (for men) established Babylonia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt B.Rabbi Hillel, 70 B.C. to A.D. 10 (reputed to have lived 120 years) 1.Babylonian who migrated to Palestine to attend the academies 2.Known for his learning, but also for his humanity and his humility 3."Do not do to your neighbor that which is hateful to yourself" 4.Stresses individual responsibility before God, and before one another 5."If not me, then who? If not now, then when?" 6.Witness in your heart and life, as well as in adherence to the Law II.Reduction and Destruction of Judea, A.D. 67 to 135 A.First Judean War, A.D. 67 to 70 1.A.D. 66 a.High Priest refuses to sacrifice on behalf of the Emperor (Nero) b.Governor Gessius Florus pillages Jerusalem c.Widespread zealot rebellion, Masada fortified d.Zealots massacre Roman garrison of Jerusalem e.Zelot rebellion becomes popular rebellion f.Josephus named Governor of Galilee 2.A.D. 67 a.Vespasian and Titus invade Judea b.Vespasian takes Galilee, Josephus a prisoner c.Zealots control Jerusalem, other areas in Judea d.Zealots massacre moderate Judeans, Sadducees, Christians 3.A.D. 68 a.Vespasian sacks Jericho & environs (Qumran?) b.Vespasian occupies Judean & Idumean countryside c.Death of Nero, civil war at Rome 4.A.D. 69 a.Death of Galba b.Death of Otho c.Vespasian proclaimed Emperor (in absentia) d.Death of Vitellius 5.A.D. 70 a.Three warring factions in Jerusalem b.Vespasian begins siege of Jerusalem, March c.Vespasian allows Johanan ben Zakkai to build a Pharisee school and Sanhedrin at Jamnia, where Johanan and other rabbis establish Rabbinic Observance Judaism d.Vespasian travels to Rome, proclaimed Emperor e.Titus captures Jerusalem wall by wall, May to August f.Titus destroys the Temple, August g.Titus pillages Jerusalem, September 6.A.D. 71 a.Triumph for Vespasian and Titus in Rome b.Portrayed on Arch of Titus c.Temple treasures taken to Rome d.Judea Capta on Roman coins 7.A.D. 73 a.Masada falls, garrison commits suicide b.Many Zealots flee to Alexandria, Cyrene, Persia 8.A.D. 74 a.Zealots attempt rebellion in Alexandria & Cyrene b.Judean Temple at Onias, 21 miles south of Memphis, destroyed 9.A.D. 75, pagan Temple of Peace dedicated in Jerusalem B.The Diaspora Rebellion, A.D. 115-117 1.As Hadrian conquers Mesopotamia, the Judeans rebel 2.Open rebellion in Parthia, Cyprus, Egypt, Cyrene 3.Judeans (usually Zealots) massacre Christians and non-Jews 4.Roman retaliation destroys most Judean communities in E. Med. C.Second Judean War, A.D. 132-135 1.Hadrian attempts to rebuild Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina 2.Judeans of Palestine rebel 3.Rabbi Akiba organized the rebellion, encourages Simon bar Kochba 4.Simon bar Kochba leads the rebellion as the Judean Messiah 5.Bar Kochba massacres Christians and other non-Jews 6.Hadrian crushes the rebellion, kills leaders, destroys Jerusalem 7.The practice of Judaism prohibited (relaxed c. 150) 8.Judaism survives in the East, mainly in Babylonia III.Origins of Rabbinic Judaism, A.D. 150-500 A.Discipline of Observance organized and established at Jamnia and Tiberias 1.The Synagogue in place of Temple 2.The Law in place of Sacrifices 3.As prescribed by the Mishnah, 3rd century codification of Rabbinic Law B.Pharisees suppress non-Pharisee writings (sectarians called "Minim") 1.Writings of Second Temple period mostly suppressed a.Maccabees, Judith, Tobit, parts of Daniel, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) b.Pharisees suppress most knowledge of the Second Temple period 2.Sadducee, "Priestly" and "Zadokite" writings destroyed a.Many writings survive in caves at Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls) b.Many of these rediscovered c. 800 during Karaite revival (1)Karaites did not accept the Mishnah or Talmuds, only the Bible, and writings from the Priestly tradition such as the "Zadokite Document" (also known as the "Damascus Rule") (2)Karaites systematically discriminated against by Rabbinic leadership, who turn the government against them (a)Karaite synagogues destroyed (b)Karaite writings destroyed (3)Many Karaite writings discovered in Cairo Geniza (a)Geniza = room to store old or worn out scrolls (b)Synagogue was Karaite, until Rabbinic Jews convinced the Muslim government that the Karaites should not be allowed to have a synagogue 3.Christian writings (New Testament, etc.) destroyed a.Shabbath Babli 16a: Even if they try to kill you, burn their books 4.Rabbinic Jews establish an "approved" edition of the Hebrew scriptures a.Edited, copied, and punctuated by the Masoretes: "Masoretic Text" b.Protestant churches use this version of the Old Testament c.Catholic and Orthodox churches use Septuagint (from 2nd BC) C.The Two Talmuds 1.Palestinian Talmud, 4th A.D., unfinished 2.Babylonian Talmud, 5th & 6th A.D. 3.Mishnah plus rabbinic teachings plus commentary plus legends D.Other early Rabbinic texts and interpolations in texts 1.Other rabbinic legalisms collected in the Tosefta 2.Many rabbinic teachings of A.D. 70-220 collected and added to the Talmuds as Baraitha, often introduced as "another says..." E.The Zohar 1.14th century Spanish text deriving from earlier sources 2.Mysticism, Law, Ritual 3.Becomes important in western and Russian Judaism