I.Religious war in Holy Roman Empire, 1524-1555
     A.Peasants' Rebellion, 1524-1525
          1.Luther denounces the "murderous, rebellions peasants"
          2.Like Calvin, he feared widespread social revolution
     B.Anabaptist movement
          1.Menno Simmons advocates non-violent Anabaptist reform
               a.Return to primitive Christianity
               b.Church as a voluntary association of believers
               c.Separation of Church and State
          2.Radical Anabaptist rising at Mnster, 1534-1535
               a.Millenialist, Anticlerical, Antigovernment
               b.Anabaptists slaughtered by Catholic/Lutheran coalition
     C.Religious War in Germany, 1546-1555
          1.Settled by Peace of Augsburg
               a.principle: cuius regio eius religio
               b.Each lord determines for Lutheranism or Catholicism
          2.This peace only interrupted the war
               a.Calvinists largely ignored in the settlement
               b.Everyone agrees to keep killing Anabaptists
II.Huguenot Wars in France, 1581-1598
     A.General suppression of Huguenots, 1515-1559
          1.Francis I, 1515-1547
          2.Henry II, 1547-1559
     B.By 1559 perhaps 8% of the population is Huguenot
          1.Largely concentrated in prosperous bourgeois
          2.Many noble families (i.e., Bourbons)
     C.Weak rulers, 1559-1589
          1.Francis II, 1559-1560
          2.Charles IX, 1560-1574
          3.Henry III, 1574-1589
          4.Dominated by their Mother, Catherine de Medici
     D.Charles IX / Catherine de Medici suppresses Huguenots
          1.Religious war, 1562-1570
          2.Uneasy truce in 1570
     E.St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572
          1.Catherine de Medici ordered Huguenot leaders killed
          2.10,000 Huguenots massacred
          3.Henry (Bourbon) of Navarre survives, rallies protestants
     F.War of the Three Henrys
          1.Henry, Duke of Guise
               a.Strong, uncompromising Catholic
               b.Supported by Philip II of Spain
               c.Assassinated by King Henry III, 1588
          2.Henry III
               a.Moderate Roman Catholic
               b.Assassinated by Guise faction, 1589
          3.Henry (Bourbon) of Navarre
               a.Huguenot (Protestant)
               b.Holds right of succession after 1589
               c.Favors national unity over religious concerns
               d."Converts" to Roman Catholicism, 1593
     G.Henry IV, 1593-1610
          1."Paris is worth a Mass"
          2.Edict of Nantes, 1598
     H.Huguenot Rebellion, 1627-1629
          1.Richlieu ended political and military rights for Huguenots
III.War in the Netherlands, 1581-1648
     A.Philip II uses the Church to control his empire
     B.Calvinism widespread in Holland
     C.Philip imports the Spanish Inquisition (state controlled)
     D.English support for the Netherlands to thwart Spain/Habsburgs
     E.Division of Prot. Holland /Cath. Belgium, 1648
IV.Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
     A.Uneasy peace after 1608
          1.Catholics suppress Lutherans in southern HRE
          2.Lutherans suppress Catholics in northern HRE
               a.growing Calvinist minority
               b.some German princes embrace Calvinism
          3.Protestant and Catholic leagues organized, 1608
     B.Ferdinand III (Catholic) elected King of Bohemia, then HRE
          1.Protestant rebellion in Bohemia, "defenestration of Prague"
          2.Protestant states in HRE intervene
               a.More to keep the Emperor weak than to help Bohemia
          3.Kings of Denmark, Sweden intervene for Protestants
               a.Gustav Adolphus, funded by French Gold
          4.Kings of England and France intervene for Protestants
               a.but mainly against Hapsburgs, whom they want to keep weak
               b.National and Religious policy of Cardinal Richlieu
                    (1)Allows French Huguenots to fight for Protestants
          5.France and Sweden want to prolong the war
               a.Keep the HRE weak
               b.Grab as much territory and wealth as possible
     C.Total War, 1618 - 1648
          1.Reason and aims blurred
          2.Germany devastated, loses 1/3 population
          3.Roving bands of mercenary armies
          4.Dead People Were Frequent
     D.Peace of Westphalia, 1648
          1.HRE divided into 300+ principalities & kingdoms
               a.Limited religious toleration
               b.Peace of Augsburg reaffirmed, includes Calvinists
               c.German nationalism frustrated (The "German Catastrophe")
          2.German power virtually destroyed, easy prey for invaders
               a.Titular but powerless Holy Roman Emperor
               b.Holland independent
               c.Switzerland independent
               d.Burgundy & Arles lost to France
          3.End of European ideals
               a.No united Christian Europe
               b.No strong emperors (although some try)
               c.No strong papacy (recovery in 19th century)
          4.Law of War and Peace, Hugo Grotius, 1625
               a.Humane war
               b.protects civilians, land, towns, prisoners, hostages, wells,
               neutral states
               c.The Hague
               d.In effect more or less until 1914
V.Emergence of the European "Nation State" System
     A.Dynastic ambitions guide Domestic and Foreign Policy
          1.Hapsburgs in Spain and Austria
          2.Hohenzollerns in Prussia
          3.Bourbons in France
     B.Nationalism becoming a factor
          1.Slavs inside Holy Roman Empire resent German rule
          2.Nationalism fostered on linguistic or ethnic lines
          3.One people, One Language, One Faith
          4.Jews remain outsiders, sometimes by choice, sometimes by law
     C.Religious antagonisms a major factor
          1.Lutherans/Calvinists/Catholics/Orthodox
          2.Nationalism on confessional lines
          3.One people, One Language, One Faith
          4.Jews remain outsiders