I.Origins and Expansion of Rome A.1000 B.C. - Indo-European Settlement on Tiber 1.Latins Settle on 7 hills - Rome 2.Rome chief city of Latium by c. 500 B.C. B.850 B.C. - Etruscans invade Italy 1.origins unknown - SW Asia Minor? 2.twelve cities in Etruscan League 3.Eventually rule Rome itself, Etruscan "Kings" in Rome 4.Romans learned agriculture, arch, vault, city-planning, gladiators, triumphal procession, politics, religion, warfare, temple planning, haruspices from Etruscans C.850's B.C. - Phoenecian Settlements in Africa, Sicily, etc. 1.700's - Utica, Carthage 2.500's - Phoenecian Empire in the west D.750 B.C. - Greek settlements begin in Southern Italy 1.750's - Cumae 2.600 - Massilia 3.Romans learn Alphabet, Art, City-States, Olympian Religion, Philosophy from Greeks E.509 B.C. - Etruscans expelled F.509 B.C. - Republic Begins (note cursus honorem) 1.Elected Magistrates & Pro-Magistrates of the Res Publica a.Consuls (2) - joint management of military & civil affairs (1)Pro-consuls (ex-consuls assigned territories) b.Praetors (1/2/4/6/8) - administration of justice (1)Pro-praetors (ex-praetors or active quaestors assigned territories) c.Quaestors (2/4/8) - inquests, prosecutions, militar duties d.Curule Aediles (2) - temples, infrastructure, markets 2.Elected Officials of the Plebs a.Tribunes of the Plebs (10 by 449 B.C.) b.Plebeian Aediles (4) - temples, infrastructure, markets (1)Subordinate to Tribunes of the Plebs 3.Assemblies of the Res Publica a.Senate (1)Grows in size (100/300/600/900/600/900) (2)Advises Magistrates and pro-Magistrates (3)Assigns duties to the Magistrates (4)Assigns territories to Proconsuls & Propraetors (5)Supervises finance, expenditure, tribute collection (6)Nominates Dictator & Censor (7)Received ambassadors & arbitrates disputes (8)Can invalidate laws b.Comitia Curiata (1)Oldest comitia, largely symbolic by historical times (2)Confirmed the appointments of magistrates (3)Witnessed installations of priests, adoptions, wills c.Comitia Centuriata (assembly of centuries) (1)Organized into 193 voting centuries (2)Weighted in favor of propertied classes (3)Enact laws, elect magistrates, declare war & peace (4)Conduct trials for serious offenses d.Comitia/Concilium Plebis Tributa (1)actually a concilium, yet commonly called comitia (2)Organized by territorial tribes after 471 B.C. (3)Elect tribunes of the plebs, plebeian aediles, hold plebiscites, hold trials for non-capital offenses e.Comitia Populi Tributa (Tribal Assembly) (1)Organized by tribes, patricians and plebeians alike (2)Convoked by Consuls or Praetors (3)Elect quaestors, curule aediles, military tribunes (who commanded the legions), enact laws, hold minor trials 4.Special Officials of the Res Publica a.Dictator (1)(Cincinnatus, 458 & 439; Fabius Cunctator 221 & 217) b.Censors (2) (Marcus Porcius Cato, 184) 5.Other officials of the Res Publica a.Judges (10) b.Monetales 6.Symbols: a.S.P.Q.R. b.Fasces c.Lictors d.Imperium II.The Roman Republic to 133 B.C. A.Nature of Roman People 1.Farmer-Soldiers (property qualification) 2.Public Spirited 3.Gravitas 4.Dignitas 5.Roma a Goddess B.Aspects of the Roman Social Order 1.Patricians & Plebeians 2.Patronage & Clientage 3.Public Munificence of Wealthy citizens & families 4.Tradition of Paterfamilias 5.Ager Publicus C.Roman Army 1.Conscription of Citizens 2.Legion (40 centuries) D.Struggle of the Orders, Patricians & Plebeians 1.Plebeians harshly oppressed in early Republic 2.494 - Office of Tribune established a.Veto power (intercessio) b.Summon the Plebs to the Concilia Plebis c.Propose & pass laws by Plebiscite d.Enforce plebeian decrees & rights (coercitio) e.Sacrosanct (personally inviolable) f.Conduct prosecutions in the comitia centuriata g.Eventually gain right to convene the senate, 3d BC 3.450 - Laws of 12 Tables placed in Forum 4.367 - One Consul must be a Plebeian 5.287 - Plebescites become law (Lex Hortensia) 6.250 - Plebeians able to hold all offices E.Early Wars 1.509 - 340 - wars against Aequi, Volsci, Veii 2.486 - 396 - Etruscan Wars 3.390 - Rome sacked by Gauls 4.338 - Rome dominates the Latium 5.326 - 290 - Samnite Wars 6.280 - 275 - War with Pyrrhus of Epirus (Rome aided by Carthage) 7.133 - King of Pergamum wills kingdom to Rome F.Treatment of Conquered people (to 265) 1.Moderate Yoke: foreign policy, military alliance 2.Conquered people "given" Roman style constitution 3.Gradual path to Roman Citizenship a.Ally of Rome (socius) (1)no tribute to Rome, retain self govt, send troops, Rome oversees foreign policy & defense b.Latin (ius Latii) (1)pay tribute to Rome, retain self govt, send troops, Rome oversees foreign policy & defense, Latin laws & some Roman institutions c.Municipia (1)civitas sine suffrago (2)Could intermarry w/ Romans, vote when in Rome d.Roman (1)Full citizenship rights & duties G.264-146 B.C. Punic Wars against Carthage 1.Roman Determination wins 3/0 a.264 - 241 - 1st Punic War b.218 - 201 - 2nd Punic War c.149 - 146 - 3rd Punic War 2.Rome Wins Empire in Africa, W. Med., & Spain H.229 - 146 B.C. - Overseas Wars of Expansion 1.229 - 1st Illyrian War 2.219 - 2nd Illyrian War - against Queen Teuta 3.214 - 205 - 1st Macedonian War - against Philip V 4.200 - 196 - 2nd Macedonian War - against Philip V 5.192 - 189 - War with Antiochus III - Hannibal with him 6.181 - 179 - 1st Celtiberian War 7.172 - 167 - 3rd Macedonian War - Macedonia partitioned 8.167 - one thousand Achaeans deported to Italy 9.154 - 138 - Lusitanian War 10.153 - 151 - 2nd Celtiberian War 11.146 - Destruction of Corinth as an example to the Greeks 12.143 - 133 - 3rd Celtiberian (Numantine) War I.Problems of Empire 1.New Territories to rule 2.Wealth 3.New Men III.Failure of the Roman Republic, 133-27 B.C. A.Problems of the Late Republic 1.Great wealth comes in from Asia, Africa, Greece, Sicily 2.Many Romans adopt a life of luxury 3.Austerity & discipline gave way to indulgence and corruption 4.The new "Imperial" Wealth not shared with Allies, Latins or with most Romans a.Allies & Latins revolt, then finally granted Roman status b.Senate & Wealthy Romans repress Plebeians once more c.Plebeians & veterans championed by "Populare" faction d.Status Quo championed by "Optimate" faction (old money) 5.Peasant farmers disappearing a.Citizen-soldiers spend years fighting Rome's wars in distant lands, serving without pay or bonus, then return home broke b.Their farms were often confiscated by Senators or speculators c.Senators and speculators consolidate these small holdings into slave-worked Latifundia (agribusinesses) d.Many peasant-farmers become Rome's urban poor, proletarii e.Senate unwilling to pass land reform or debt relief laws, arguing that all citizens must endure hardships, and that relief would undermine the character and work-ethic or the recipient B.Factional Struggles, 133 to 79 B.C. 1.The Gracchi, 133-122 (populares) a.Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune of 133 (1)Land reform, distributes ager publicus to urban poor (2)Murdered by Optimate faction of the Senate (3)Hundreds of followers killed or exiled b.Gaius Gracchus, Tribune of 123 & 122 (1)Land reform, establishes colony in Africa (2)Subsidized grain prices for the urban poor (3)Murdered by Optimate faction of the Senate, under the new emergency law: Senatus Consultum (4)Hundreds of followers killed or exiled 2.Jurgurthine War against Numidia, 111-105 a.Gaius Marius connives to assume command of the army b.Gaius Marius rises to prominence with his new army (1)suspends property qualification for service (2)Soldiers loyal to their general, Marius c.Marius' Quaestor in Numidia was Sulla, an able diplomat 3.Teutones and Cimbri invade Italy, 104-101 a.Gaius Marius defeats them, rises in popularity b.Gaius Marius elected consul six times, 105-101 4.Social War, 91-89 a.Italian allies demand full citizenship, which they receive b.Sulla prominent as General & Optimate leader 5.Gaius Marius, 88-86 (populare) a.Popular & ambitious general, with his own private army b.Rival with Sulla for magistracies & commands (1)Attempts to deprive Sulla of command against Mithridates VI of Pontus (2)Sulla occupies Rome, Marius flees, Sulla moves East c.Marius seizes power in Rome while by Sulla is off in the East fighting against Mithridates VI (1)Marius relies on an army of his loyal veterans d.Marius purges the Senate, packs it with his supporters e.Marius & Cinna, consuls of 86 f.Imposes a reign of terror against his enemies g.Marius dies in 86, the terror continues under Cinna h.Cinna elected consul for 85 and 84, dies in 83 6.Sulla the Fortunate, 83-79 (optimate) a.Marches on Rome after the deaths of Marius and Cinna b.Assumes the dictatorship himself, terrorizes populares c.Purges the Senate & packs it with his equite supporters d.Publishes list of proscribed public enemies, has them killed e.Retires to private life in 79, dies in 78 IV.The Era of Military Strongmen, 79-31 B.C. A.The Rise of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 77-60 1.Popular & ambitious general under Sulla 2.77-73, Pro-Consul in war against Sertorius in Spain 3.73-71, Along with Crassus, defeats Spartacus' rebellion 4.70, Pompey & Crassus consuls 5.67, Pompey given command against pirates, victory in three months 6.66, Pompey given command of war against Mithridates VI of Pontus a.63, Mithridates commits suicide in the Crimea 7.63, Pompey annexes or reorganizes the east (Pontus, Syria, Judea) 8.62, Returns to Rome, yet ill treated by the Senate a.They refuse to ratify his eastern arrangements b.They refuse to grant lands to his veterans 9.63, Cataline Conspiracy in Rome, still mysterious B.The First Triumvirate, 60-49 1.Pompey, who wants his treaties passed, and wants land grants for his veterans (his veterans provide votes & muscle) 2.Crassus, the richest man in Rome, who wants relief from unsuccessful tax-farming operations in Asia (he provides money) 3.Julius Caesar, a popular and ambitious young general, who wants land reform for the urban poor, a new military command, and the consulship (his veterans provide votes & muscle) 4.They all want more power, more prestige, more money 5.Julius Caesar & Bibulus, consuls of 59 BC 6.Crassus gets a command in the east, against Parthia, where he promptly gets himself killed, and makes an enemy of Parthia, 63 BC 7.Pompey gets his treaties passed, his veterans get land 8.Caesar gets a command in southern Gaul, which he uses as a base of operations to conquer all 3 areas of northern Gaul, and even tries to conquer Britain and the Germanic lands 9.Triumvirate renewed, 55 BC C.Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-46 1.The Senate fears Caesar, so they suck up to Pompey 2.Pompey is jealous, so he sucks up to the Senate 3.Pompey & the Senate recall Caesar to stand trial, 49 BC 4.Caesar marches on Rome, defeats Senate & Pompey in 49 BC 5.Dictatorship of Julius Caesar, 45-44 a.Caesar appointed Dictator for life b.Forgives his enemies c.Reforms laws, calendar d.Settles urban poor & veterans on ager publicus e.Initiates major building programs f.Assassinated by Optimate faction of Senate in 44 D.The Second Triumvirate, 43-32 1.Marcus Antonius, Caesar's best friend & popular general 2.Marcus Aemelius Lepidus, Caesar's magister militum 3.Octavian, Caesar's adopted son and heir 4.Swear to avenge Caesar's death, carry out his plans 5.Publish lists of proscribed enemies, have them killed 6.Hunt down & kill the Optimate faction 7.Divide the empire between themselves a.Lepidus gets Africa & Spain, gradually excluded b.Marcus Antonius gets Egypt & the East c.Octavian gets Rome & Gaul, dominates Lepidus E.Civil War between Octavian & Marcus Antonius, 32-31 BC 1.Octavian promotes himself as preserver of the Republic a.Restores the Senate (picks the members) b.Rules as Consul, not as Dictator c.Octavian denounces Marcus Antonius as a despot 2.Marcus Antonius unites the East a.Shares rule with Cleopatra b.Makes war on Parthia to recover the Roman Standards lost by Crassus, but fails c.Increasingly alienates Rome and the Senate 3.Octavian defeats Antonius at naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC a.Octavian's naval forces commanded by his friend Agrippa b.Marcus Antonius later commits suicide in Egypt c.Then Octavian kills Cleopatra's children d.Then Cleopatra commits suicide in Egypt e.Octavian controls the entire show F.Octavian in Power, to 27 BC 1.Romans tired of civil war, accept Octavian 2.Octavian rules carefully, once his enemies are all dead 3.He continues to posture as the savior of Rome 4.Builds a "Dyarchy" with the Senate 5."Restores" the Republic in 27 BC, but keeps power