Fascism: a Model

1. Hypernationalism
	a. Ethnic inclusiveness
	b. Exclusivity
	c. Social Darwinism

2. The Corporate State
	a. Hegelian State
	b. All things to all citizens
	c. Authoritarianism

3. Mythology
	a. Heroic Past
	b. Secular Present
	c. Futurism

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Some reasons for the rise and success of Fascism, 1919-1995

1. Social and Economic crises that arose in the wake of World War One
	a. Loss of certainty ("Who was king? Who was not King,?" Lament
		Over Ur, 1975 B.C). 
	b. Loss of recent economic gains (especially by middle & working
		classes)
	c. Memory of how strong governments "made the trains run on time"
		during the war
	d. Many new nation states after WWI with no traditions or
		institutions of self rule

2. Inadequacies of Liberal governments & brutalities of revolutionary
	Socialist governments
	a. Uncertainty of sustainable national existence in the chaos
		following WWI
	b. Liberal governments are unable to strengthen economies,
		economic losses continue
	c. Inability of Liberal governments to maintain society in any
		sort of working order
	e. Revolutionary brutality of Socialist states from the USSR to
		Republican Spain
	f. Anti-religious persecution in USSR and Republican Spain

3. Fascists & neo-nationalists (i.e., Falange) appealed to national
	collectivism as a solution
	a. Cult of kingship replaced by the cult of the leader (appeals to
		veterans & royalists)
	b. Combine collectivist ideals of socialism with nationalist
		sentiments of people
	c. Blame the Democracies, blame the Capitalists, blame the Church,
		blame the Jews
	d. Why not, the Socialists blamed the same groups, and blamed the
		Christians too! 

4. Fascists exploit the fear of Communism & the distrust of Capitalism
	a. The Soviet-controlled ComIntern called for international
		revolution (Bukharin & Zinoviev letters)
	b. There had been Communist uprisings in Berlin, Bavaria, Hungary,
		Spain
	c. There were active Communist parties throughout Central &
		Western Europe
	d. Widespread successes of Socialist "Popular Front" movements in
		1930's
	e. "International High-Finance Capitalism" was seen as the only
		victor in WWI
	f. Widespread hatred of "Interest Slavery" (even before credit
		cards!)

5. Charismatic & well-organised Fascist leaders exploited the situation
	with modern means
	a. In the beginning, street fighting & pamphleteering
		(anti-Communist, pro-Nation)
	b. Then large rallies, party newspapers, automobiles & airplanes
		for transport
	c. Finally nation-wide rallies, radio broadcasts, control of news,
		films, books, schools

6. Why did so many nations choose or succumb to Fascism?

	a. People wanted Law & Order so that they could get on with their
		lives
	b. Fascism often appealed to people's sense of national pride
	c. Fascism often appealed to people's well-founded fears against
		Socialism
	d. Fascism often appealed to people's bigotries
	e. In some cases (i.e., Spain & Hungary) the Fascists were seen as
		the lesser evil

7. The Fascist International, 1920's  through early 1940's
	a. Fascist governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe
	b. Large fascist parties in Western Europe, United States, South
		America
	c. Fascists plan a world crusade against Communism, Capitalism,
		Democracy
	d. Congress of European Fascists in late 1920's & early 1930's,
		Anti-Comintern Pact

8. Fascism in the 1990's
	a. Mainly a fringe movement in the US & Canada, but widespread &
		often violent
	b. Continued popularity in some African and Middle Eastern countries

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International Fascism, 1919-1947: a few countries, leaders, and parties

Argentina: Juan Peron & the Peronistas
Austria: E. Dollfus & the Heimwehr; K. Schuschnigg & the Fatherland Front
Belgium: Leon Degrelle & the Rexist Movement
China: Various Fascist war-lords warring against each other, communists
Denmark: Fritz Clausen & the Danish National Socialist party
England: Sir Oswald Mosley & British Union of Fascists, the Blackshirts
Estonia: Association of Freedom Fighters in power in late 1920's
Finland: Lappo Movement; Mannerheim in power from 1920's to late 1940's
France: Action Francaise; J. Doriot & Parti Populaire Francaise
Germany: A. Hitler & the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
Hungary: Admiral Horthy; Gombos; Szalasi's Arrow Cross
Italy: B. Mussolini & the Fascio di Combattimento
Latvia: K. Ulmanis & the Farmers Union; also the Thunder Cross 
Lithuania: Fascist party in power in late 1920's
Poland: Marshall Pilsudski's "Moral Dictatorship" after 1926
Portugal: Salazar & the Uniao Nacional party
Romania: Codreaneau & the Iron Guard; also fascist Narodniki groups
Spain: Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera & the Falange; also the Carlists 
United States: German-American Bund, America First, KKK
Yugoslavia: Stojadivinovic & the Ustasche (Croatian)