I.The Enlightenment A.General Nature 1.Pagan nature of a.Renunciation of Judaeo-Christian heritage (1)Political heritage rejected (2)Cultural heritage rejected (3)Intellectual heritage rejected (4)Artistic heritage rejected b.Looks backwards to a romanticized Greco-Roman paganism (1)a misunderstood and willfully distorted paganism (2)Philosophs propagate a legend of "pagan monotheism" c.General belief in a supreme being of some sort: deism 2.New Trinity: Reason, Nature [science], Progress a.The supreme being created the universe, and is now bound by nature (1)Although the supreme being may be able to inspire (2)Or at least inspire the enlightened (3)Everything contrary to nature/science does not exist b.Mankind must become the master of nature, and of the universe c.Perfectibility of mankind by mankind (1)or at least by the intellectuals (2)or at least by an ideal government d.The old Temptation, "Ye shall be as gods." (Gen 3:5) 3.New system of personal ethics a.Secularism b.Relativism c.Radicalism (1)Radical individualism (2)Radical collectivism 4.New approach to education/propaganda: "The Encyclopedia" a.Popularizes discoveries of Scientific Revolution b.Christian scholars largely excluded from project c.Philosophe's ideas permeate the "science" 5.New political theory: Liberalism a.Life, Liberty Property b.Social Contract (1)Thomas Hobbes (1588-1676) (a)consentual contract for mutual protection (2)John Locke (1632-1704) (a)people should overthrow a bad government (3)Baron de Montesqieu (1689-1755) (a)separation & balance of powers in govt. B.Elitist 1.Gentlemen and gentlewomen of leisure a.educated bourgeois mostly b.seek royal patronage rather than work for a living 2.Aristocracy of intellectuals a.they see themselves as the "natural" aristocracy b.they see themselves as most fit to rule 3.Inspired by Plato's Republic (benevolent dictatorship) 4.Advocate Enlightened Despotism a.with themselves as advisors, counsellors, ministers b.they see the masses as unfit for self rule C.Secularist 1.Segregate religion out of society 2.Religion as a personal matter (keep it to yourself) 3.Separation of Church & State (as a first step) a.to insure the rule of reason & science b.to facilitate the destruction of Christianity D.Occultism 1.Kabbalah + Alchemy = Rosicrucianism / Accepted Freemasonry a.Renaissance Kabbalah, emphasis on Zohar b.Renaissance Alchemy, emphasis on transformation of adepts c.Doctrines spread to Scotland, England, France, Italy, Russia 2.Rosicrucianism + Enlightenment = Speculative Freemasonry a.Grand Orient, Scottish (actually American), etc. 3.Illuminati a.a more political and revolutionary variant of freemasonry b.Bavaria, then Spain, Russia, Italy 4.Hundreds of lesser-known lodges & clubs throughout Europe E.Anti-Christian 1.Anti-Christian agitprop masquerades as anti-clericalism a.Hume, Voltaire b.Diderot & D'Alembert 2.Deism a.Philosophes champion "Supreme Being" or "Reason" b.Thomas Jefferson argues against divinity of Jesus 3.Lodges are centers of anti-religious and political activities a.Intense anti-Christian agitation and propaganda b.Lodges seek destruction of Church & Christianity, teaching: (1)Jesus is not God (2)there is no heaven or hell (3)there is no Trinity, only the "Great Architect" (4)perfect mankind through reason, science, progress c.1738, Freemasonry condemned by pope Clement XII II.Persecution & Suppression of the Church in Catholic lands A.Austria: Joseph II Leopold II 1.Seizure of monasteries, monks & nuns cast out 2.Seizure of Church schools B.France: Louis XIV & "Gallicanism" 1.Louis attempts to make himself head of the Church in France 2.Revokes Edict of Nantes, persecutes Protestants III.Persecution & Suppression of Jesuits, 1759-1814 A.1759, Society of Jesus expelled from Portugal 1.all property & wealth confiscated 2.orchestrated by Marquis de Pombal, mason B.1764, Society of Jesus expelled from France 1.forced to close all churches, houses, schools 2.orchestrated by Duc de Choiseul, mason C.1767, Society of Jesus expelled from Spain 1.property & wealth confiscated 2.orchestrated by Count de Arauda, mason D.1767, Society of Jesus expelled from Naples 1.property & wealth confiscated 2.orchestrated by Tanucci, mason E.1767, Society of Jesus expelled from Sicily 1.property & wealth confiscated F.1768, Society of Jesus expelled from Parma 1.property & wealth confiscated G.1769-73, Bourbons of Spain, France, Italy pressure papacy 1.demand suppression of Society of Jesus 2.France seizes Avignon, Venaissin 3.Naples seizes Benevento, Pontecaro 4.Threaten to invade Rome, destroy papacy H.1773, Society of Jesus expelled from Austria/Hungary 1.property & wealth confiscated 2.orchestrated by Prince von Kaunitz, mason I.1773, Pope Clement XIV suppresses Society of Jesus J.Catholic educational and missionary activities severely damaged 1.Jesuit schools closed, libraries broken up 2.Jesuit missions largely abandoned worldwide 3.Jesuits no longer able to protect indigenous peoples K.1775-1799, Pope Pius VI works secretly to restore Society of Jesus 1.Coerced by Bourbons and by revolutionary France, imprisoned by Napoleon, Pius could do little for the Jesuits. a.Imprisoned by Napoleon, Pius dies in captivity 1800-1823, Pope Pius VII works secretly to restore Society of Jesus 2.Coerced by Napoleon, Pius has little independence 3.1801, 1804 Pius supports the survival of the Society of Jesus in Russia and Naples. 4.Imprisoned by Napoleon, 1809-1814 L.August 7, 1814, Pope Pius VII restored the Society of Jesus