I.National Assembly, 1789-1792 A.Bourbons inept, bankrupt, resistant to reform 1.Finance ministers manipulate deficits a.pandering to the public b.bailing out bankrupt noble families 2.Financial crisis deepens B.Louis XVI needs new taxes, promises some reform 1.1787 Assembly of Notables rejects "single proportional tax" a.Unwilling to be taxed themselves b.Notables pandering to anti-Bourbon public opinion (1)Many nobles & clergy talk of "liberty" (2)Actually seeking to enhance their authority c.Louis dismisses the Notables 2.Provincial Assemblies reject land tax & stamp tax a.they declare themselves without mandate b.they want an Estates General to be summoned c.Parliamant of Paris demands an Estates General d.Louis dismisses provincial assemblies 3.Widespread resistance, rioting, revolutionary sentiment a.widespread pamphleteering stirs greater discontent b.Abbe Sieyes published extremely influential pamphlets (1)Promotes an enlarged and empowered Third Estate (2)Promotes sovereignty of a National Assembly (3)Promotes democratic universalism (4)Decries privilege, especially aristocratic privilege (5)Condemns & rejects monarchy & nobility (6)Promotes rebuilding society through reason and science C.Louis XVI summons 1st Estates General since 1624 1.First Estate=Nobility, "Those who Fight" (1.5% population) a.300 Deputies in 1789 Estates General b.100+ are radicals/reformists 2.Second Estate=Clergy, "Those who Pray" (.5% population) a.300 Deputies in 1789 Estates General b.200+ are radicals/reformists 3.Third Estate=Everyone Else, "Those who Work" (98% population) a.600 Deputies in 1789 Estates General (UMC & merchants) b.Most are radicals/reformists c.Members of "Patriot" committees & secret societies 4.Estates General convenes at Versailles, May 01, 1789 a.Louis attempts to limit their deliberations to finance alone b.Louis seeks to protect privilege and tradition D.Dispute over how the Estates General will meet and vote 1.By estates (which protects privilege) 2.As one body (which promotes universalism) E.Third Estate walks out, declares itself the "National Assembly" 1.June 20, "Tennis Court Oath," pledge to draft Liberal constitution 2.Joined by many Liberal-minded Nobles & Clergy 3.July 14, 1789, people of Paris storm the Bastille 4.July & August, 1789, widespread peasant revolts 5.August 4, 1789, most nobles renounce their feudal privileges F.August 26, 1789, Declaration of "Rights of Man and Citizens" 1.State grants rights to people: life, liberty, property 2.Legal obligations of citizens 3."People" replace the King as the absolute power 4.Common good more important than individual good 5.Feudal privileges of Aristocracy abolished G.Radical Phase: October, 1790-September, 1791 1.Early October, King assembles troops around Paris & Versailles 2.October 5/6, King arrested by the women of Paris 3.Religion assaulted, "Civil Constitution of the Clergy" 4.Many nobles flee abroad, request foreign intervention 5.King a constitutional monarch, tries to flee (1791), captured II.National Convention, 1792-1797 A.Proclaims French Republic (first) B.General European war against revolutionary France 1.Austria and Prussia fear spread of revolution 2.French govt. becomes more powerful, omnipresent 3.Universal conscription III.The Terror, 1793-94 A.August 10, 1792, Paris Radicals stage Coup d'Etat 1.King and Queen imprisoned 2.600+ Swiss Guards massacred 3.September 1792, 1000+ priests murdered B."Paris Commune" and "Committee of Public Safety" extremists 1.Led by Danton, Marat, Robespierre 2.France surrounded, losing the war 3.Increasingly harsh emergency measures 4.Social Revolution (12 new months, 10 day weeks) a.Festival of the Supreme Being b.Reason worshipped, then Marat worshipped C.Revolutionary tribunals seek & kill "Enemies of the People" 1.1793 King (January) & Queen (October) executed 2.Church property seized, many priests killed a.1000's of priests drowned in Loire River 3.Over 25,000 French people guillotined during the Terror a.In the provinces, mass drownings supplementd the guillotine 4.Massive terror compaigns in Lyon, Marseilles, Nimes, Toulouse 5.The Vendee Rebellion a.Peasants in the Vend‚e rebell against the Convention b.Convention orders "destruction of the Vendee" (1)attempts to destroy every village, house, person (2)Over 100,000 slaughtered in the Vendee (maybe many more) c.Modern apologists defend & minimize the slaughter D.Moderates seize control on July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor) 1.Reassertion of UMC Liberals 2.Robespierre executed, the Terror ends 3.Army used to suppress LMC & Poor 4.Revolution widely seen as a failure (esp. by the poor) IV.Directorate, 1795-1799 A.Military Junta designed to protect the interests of the UMC 1.War abroad to distract from economic problems at home 2.Finance France's prosperity by looting its neighbors 3.Widespread starvation in conquered lands B.Overthrown in Nov 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire) by Napoleon & Co-Conspirators 1.Napoleon maintains the appearance of a Republic 2.Actually rules as Dictator 3.To preserve "Law & Order" V.Consulate, 1799-1804 A.Napoleon rules constitutionally as "First Consul" 1.This recalls Augustus Caesar ruling as "First Citizen" 2.Or, how to be a king without being a king! 3.Brutalizes, then recognizes Catholic Church a.Pope Pius VI (1775-1799) dies in French captivity b.Pope Pius VII (1800-1823) imprisoned c.Vatican Concordat of 1801 imposed on papacy d.Church later renounces Concordat B.Proclaims himself Emperor in 1804 1.Forces Pope Pius VI to participate VI.Napoleon's Empire, 1804-1815 A.Civil Code of 1804 (Code Napoleon) 1.Absolute equality before the law 2.Protection of private property 3.Establishes Bank of France, educational system 4.No free speech, no political rights for women 5.Reasserts slavery in French colonies 6.Creates Network of secret police (under Joseph Fouch‚) B.Exports the Revolution with "Armies of Liberation" 1.Invades Belgium, Holland, Italy, Spain, German lands a.Forces Spain to cede him Louisiana (1)Later states of Louisiana & part of Arkansas 2.Abolishes feudalism, taxes people heavily 3.Defeats & Dominates Austria & Prussia a.Battles of Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Friedland 4.Makes peace with & sells North American possessions to U.S.A. a.We compromise Haiti, give Napoleon money b.He stops raiding US ships, sells Louisiana to US (1)US claims most of North America as "Louisiana" 5.1812, Invades Russia, brutally defeated a.Takes 600,000 soldiers; 500,000 die on campaign 6.Finally defeated by England, Russia, Prussia, Austria a.Napoleon exiled to Elba (in Mediterranean) b.Attampts a comeback in 1815, defeated at Waterloo c.Napoleon exiled to St. Helena (in Pacific) VII.The Congress of Vienna, 1815 A.Victors dictate a Balance of (their) Power in Europe 1.No state powerful enough to dominate: "Concert of Europe" 2."Holy Alliance" against revolutions & revolutionaries B.Constitutional monarchy restored in France, many revolutionary and Napoleonic leaders were executed C.Network of treaties (often secret & conflicting) D.U.S.A. became an international outcast 1.USA had gone to war against England while England was at war against France, and USA was often sympathetic to Napoleon 2.USA begins a policy of supporting Liberal-democratic revolution whenever and wherever it could (the "Young America" movement)