I.The Industrial Revolution: 1750-1850, Textile Phase A.Introduction of the factory system 1.Concentrate workers around machines and/or tools that they do not own 2.Few skills required of laborers 3.Workers interchangeable B.Improved use of inanimate energy 1.Steam Engines operate belt-driven machines 2.No longer necessary to build factories near rivers C.Largely concerned with textiles (widespread demand) 1.Consumer oriented 2.Britain de-industrialized India a.Which had a large cotton industry b.To insure a market for British "goods" c.Makes colonies dependent on British industry D.Traumatic nature of Textile Phase 1.cottage industries destroyed a.These industries had historically absorbed the rural landless and the unemployed b.Enclosure Acts/Clearances: parliamentary theft (1)Eliminates competition from usually superior cottage- industry products (2)Eliminates competition for cheap labor (3)Aristocracy wanted sheep/wool, not peasants c.Licensing Laws to "protect" workers require license fees that are so expensive that only factory owners and the aristocracy can afford them, which also closes down many cottage industries d.Those cottage industries that remain are forced to compete with state-supported factories, then lectured about the God-Protected benefits of free-enterprise when they went broke 2.Cottage workers displaced as a class a.Some destroy machines in factories: "Wooden Shoe" b.Some become urban proletariat c.Fifty Million emigrate, 60% to the U.S. 3.artificial creation of rural poor a.Begin legend that poor are poor by choice (1)Why don't they get a job! b.Genocide in Ireland in 1840's 4.source of cheap labor for factories a.Modern defenders claim that the clearances made for a "more efficient use of the land" b.Efficient for WHOM! II. Industrial Revolution of the Mid-19th Century: Coal/Iron/Steel Phase A.Greatly enhances the military power of states 1.Thus it is usually state-supported B.Skilled labor required 1.Lathe operators 2.Time clock: be there when the machines start up C.Larger factories, larger initial investment 1.Hence, government often a source of subsidy a.U.S. Railroads b.Krupp Steel in Germany 2.The workers pay taxes to govt, govt grants money to industrialists, industrialists want higher tariffs to protect their industries and allow them to raise their prices, tariffs generate more taxes from the workers, taxes generate more grants to industrialists... D.Railways built to control land and transport goods 1.Railroads enhance command and control in the United States, Africa,India, and (eventually) China 2.Transport troops and weapons 3.Transport Raw materials to industrial areas 4.Transport manufactured materials from industrial areas E.Tremendous impact on military power 1.More & better Cannon & Gunpowder 2.Steel Navy in U.S. and Britain a.President Grover Cleveland vetoes benefits for disabled veterans as too expensive, spends U.S. government surplus on Steel Navy b.He believed that veterans benefits would undermine the work ethic of the American people, but decided that government subsidies would not undermine the work ethic of the American industrialists F.Growth of industrialized urban areas 1.Urban Proletariat, workers concentrate around factories a.Displaced country people, looking for work (1)a source of cheap labor (2)run a machine or starve b.Housing owned by landlords, usually factory owners (1)squalid conditions make life more desperate (2)workers ever more dependent on employers (3)wage slavery: paid just enough to get by day to day 2.Women & Children preferred as workers in England & Ireland a.More nimble, smaller hands b.Easier to control c.Lower wages d.Begin tradition of male unemployment e.Keep men unemployed & demoralized f.England & Ireland, now U.S. g.Call them lazy, keep on welfare h.Keep them competing for jobs i.Promote inter-racial hatred j.Keep the workers divided G.Not consumer oriented - State Oriented 1.Military/Industrial/State complex H.Dirty: Soot & Slag & Mine Pilings I.Concentrates wealth in a few hands 1.Military/Industrial/State Class emerges J.Liberation of Serfs in Russia (1860) & U.S. (1865) 1.Cheaper: free people pay rent, slaves don't 2.You're free, now pay for the land (Russia) 3.You're free, now get a job (U.S.) 4.You're free, now pay rent (Ireland, England, Germany, etc.) III. Late 19th-20th Century: Chemical & Electrical Phase A. Working classes make some major gains 1.Unionization 2.Better wages, conditions, hours 3.Many workers achieve middle-class lifestyle a.At least those with jobs b.These gains begin to fade away by 1970's c.Unemployment & displacement 4.Large numbers of workers vote, so governments, although still investing heavily in Military/Prestige industries, begin to channel some money back to the urban and rural proletariat, or at least they pretend to do so in election years B.Industrial waste less unsightly, more deadly 1.Acid rain, heavy metals in soil & water, dioxins, etc. 2.More easily denied, since it is largely invisible C.More consumer-oriented than earlier phases 1.Reapers & Stoves & Cars & Toasters & VCRs D.Often much more sophisticates & expensive to get into 1.McCormick Reaper Factory in Chicago 2.Often demands highly skilled workforce E.Urban proletariat declines in numbers 1.Unemployed and starving 2.Main reason for Marx's warning to workers F.Yet Middle Class and Skilled Labor on the rise 1.Silicon Valley a modern example 2.Mercantile Chicago of 1890's another G.Rise of "Service Industry," decline of heavy industry 1.Sears & Roebuck in late 19th 2.Strip-Malls in late 20th H.Labor-Saving Devices (actually wage-reducing devices) increase an individual worker's productivity 1.Increases unemployment & wage-slavery 2.Take pay and benefits cuts, or you're fired 3.Eli Whitney strike, Chicago, 1890's 4.Union-busting activity in 1980's & 1990's I."Global Economy" threatens jobs 1.Take pay & benefit cuts, or the jobs go overseas 2.But still buy American, or you're un-patriotic 3.Union-busting activity in industrial west 4.Make everyone a temporary employee: no benefits J.The Age of Lean & Mean Iacocca 1."Lead, follow, or get out of the way" a.Isn't this the ideology of a rapist? 2.Efficiency becomes the new industrial god a.Efficient for WHOM! b.Capitalists say that workers have to adjust, that they cannot have it the old way in a "global economy" c.But the capitalists themselves still want it the old way: command and control, money upon money d.Capitalists get government subsidies to promote "free enterprise;" workers make concessions to the "realities" of a "global economy" e.Blame the "welfare bums"