I.Armistices Declared, 1918 A.Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria in retreat B.Original armistice plan was "peace without victory" 1.Wilson's 14 Points (Haskins' role) 2.Victors dictate harsh terms: partition & reparation 3.Threaten to renew the war if treaties are rejected II.Treaties of Paris, 1919 A.Turkey 1.Treaty of Sévres, 08-20-1920 (never ratified) 2.Treaty of Lausanne, 07-23-1923 (with Kemalists) 3.loses Middle East (to Britain & France) 4.They initially planned to partition Asia Minor 5.Mustafa Kemal led Turks to save their homeland B.Austria 1.Treaty of Saint Germain, 09-10-1919 2.Bohemia, Moravia, & Silesia to Czechoslovakia 3.forbidden to unite w/ Germany w/o LoN approval 4.Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herecegovina lost to Yugoslavia 5.South Tyrol, Trentino, Istria, Trieste lost to Italy 6.Bukhovina lost to Romania C.Hungary 1.Treaty of Trianon, 06-04-1920 2.Slovakia and Ruthenia lost to Czechoslovakia 3.Transylvania lost to Rumania 4.Croatia-Slavonia lost to Yugoslavia D.Bulgaria 1.Treaty of Neuilly, 11-27-1919 2.Wesern Thrace lost to Greece 3.Mountain passes in the west lost to Yugoslavia E.Germany 1.Treaty of Versailles, 06-28-1919 2.Memelland lost to Lithuania 3.Alsace-Lorraine lost to France 4.West Prussia & Pomerania & Danzig lost to Poland 5.Saar given provisional independence as a free state 6.Rhineland permanently demilitarised III.Harsh terms of peace A.Reparations imposed on Germany, in cash and in kind B.Defeated states lost their military & merchant marine fleets C.Only allowed a small army, no air force D.Monarchies overthrown, states become democratic republics E.Defeated states lose their overseas colonies to the victors IV.Fate of the Victors A.France & England exhausted financially, never recover B.Italy did not get the colonial territories it wanted 1.Gains South Tyrol from Austria, Trieste, little else C.U.S.A. became an economically strong world power D.Russia was dismembered 1.Czar overthrown by Provisional Government & Petrograd Soviet 2.Provisional Government infiltrated by Bolsheviks 3.Provisional Government overthrown by Bolsheviks 4.Petrograd Soviet overthrown by Bolsheviks 5."Nationalities" revolt, Russia loses control E.Serbia reconstructed and expanded into Yugoslavia 1.Croatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina from Austria-Hungary F.Rumania enlarged 1.Transylvania from Austria-Hungary 2.Bessarabia from Russia V.National Self-Determination of Peoples A.For western victors only 1.Russia, then Communist, did not count B.Many Germans and Austrians in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy 1.Where they are usually discriminated against C.Many Hungarians in Rumania, Yugoslavia, Poland 1.Where they are usually discriminated against VI.League of Nations A.Collective Security: renew the "Concert of Europe" 1.All members pledge to unite against aggressors 2.Western borders settled by Locarno Pacts (1925) 3.War outlawed by Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) 64 nations sign B.Germany & U.S.S.R. excluded 1.They form secret alliance in Treaty of Rapallo (1922) 2.Eventually allowed in League of Nations in by 1926 C.U.S.A. never joins, concerned about national sovereignty D.Expansionist powers resign in 1930's 1.Japan: takes Manchuria in 1931, LoN does nothing 2.Italy: takes Ethiopia in 1935, LoN does nothing VII.The Communist Threat, 1920's-1930's A.Widespread and murderous Communist uprisings in Europe 1.Often led by COMINTERN on Lenin, Trotsky & Kamenev's orders 2.Germany: Bavaria, Berlin, Saxony 3.Hungary: Bela Kuhn leads communist revolution (6 months) 4.COMINTERN directs attempts in Czechoslovakia & Italy B.Street fighting widespread 1.Middle Class allies with anti-communists 2.Red Revolts put down violently C.Anti-Communist Crusade 1.Led by France, England, U.S.A. 2.USSR isolated D.Anti-Communist governments emerge in 1.Italy: Mussolini (1922) 2.Hungary: Admiral Horthy 3.Rumania: King Paul 4.Germany: Hitler (1933) 5.Finland: Field Marshall Mannerheim 6.Latvia: Ulmanis 7.Poland: Pilsudski, then Smigly-Ridz VIII.German Economic Crisis, 1921-1929 A.Germany forced to pay 132,000,000,000 gold marks to victors 1.Germany issues bonds in that amount to the victors 2.Germany agrees to pay 2.5 billion each year in interest 3.Germany agrees to pay 0.5 billion each year on principal B.Germany funds the payments by deficit spending 1.Which causes hyperinflation in 1921-1923 2.Inflation rate peaks at 854,000,000,000% by November 1923 3.Bankers and industrialists and landowners pay off fixed debts using worthless paper money 4.Middle class savings wiped out 5.People on fixed incomes especially hard hit C.France, Italy and Belgium seize the Ruhr in 1923, claiming default 1.Ruhr contained 80% of Germany's coal, iron, steel industries 2.Ruhr contained 70% of Germany's rail freight traffic 3.Ruhr contained 170,000 Germans, France expells 150,000 D.Dawes Plan inposed on Germany 1.Drawn up by J.P. Morgan bankers (USA) 2.Germany loaned $800,000,000 for reconstruction 3.Germany pays 5,170,000,000 gold marks overall in 1924-1929 4.Germany then resumes interest & debt payments as before 5.Leaving Germany further in debt in 1929 than in 1923 6.Increases resentment towards the Allies and interest slavery IX.German-Soviet Rearmament Pact throughout 1920's and 30s A.Treaty of Rapallo (1922), with many secret clauses B.Germany & Russia each renounce any reparations claims C.Germany & Russia develop closer trade relations D.Germany builds tanks, planes, sumbarines in USSR E.Germany circumvents Versailles, USSR gets technology X.Crises of 1930's A.World Wide Economic Depression 1.Unemployment & hunger 2.Factories idle 3.Crop lands left idle by banks 4.Plenty of people, plenty of resources, so why a depression? 5.Many people look to the state for a solution B.Continuing German problems 1.Many Germans want National Self-Determination of Peoples 2.Reunification with the Saar 3.Remilitarization of the Rhineland 4.Anschluss with Austria 5.Reunification with Sudetenland 6.Reunification with Danzig 7.Elimination of the Polish "Corridor" C.Rise of Authoritarian and Totalitarian governments 1.Bolshevism, then Communism in Russia a.Problems of Comintern/Popular Front subversion b.Zinoviev & Bukharin Letters, John Reed papers 2.Fascism throughout Europe & South America a.Fascist governments in central & southern Europe b.Fascist parties in Western democracies 3.Western Democracies almost on the run a.Fascism seen by many as the wave of the future D.Appeasement: recognition that Germany had legitimate complaints 1.Negotiate to avoid war, give in on some issues 2.1933: Germany repudiates Treaty of Versailles 3.Germany rearms: Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine 4.1936: Germany remilitarises Rhineland 5.1938: Germany invades Austria 6.1938: Germany invades Sudetenland 7.1939: Germany invades the rest of Czechoslovakia 8.Western powers realize too late that appeasement will not work