I.Karl Marx, 1818-1883 A.Life: 1.Movements & Milestones a.1841, Ph.D. from Jena b.1842, editor of Rheinische Zeitung (1)Radical editorials provoke government censors (2)Paper shut down in 1843 c.1843, marries Jenny von Westphalen d.1844, friendship with Engels begins e.1848, co-authors Communist Manifesto f.1848, revolutionary activity in Cologne g.1849, exile in Paris (1)Publishes Deutsche-Franz”siche Zeitung (2)advocates "criticism by weapon" (Lenin I.17) h.1849, goes into exile in London (1)three children die in infancy (2)three daughters survive i.1859, Critique of Political Economy published j.1864, co-founds International Workingmen's Association (1)The First International (2)Formally dissolved in 1876 k.1867, Das Kapital, Vol. 1 published l.1871, The Civil War in France published m.1881, Jenny dies n.1883, Marx dies, March 14th, in his armchair B.The utopians were silly 1.Capitalists will never surrender the power that they have seized 2.Without revolution, the workers will continue to be exploited 3.Revolution is inevitable: there is no peaceable solution C.Capitalists will continue to starve and evict peasants 1.As in Ireland, Scotland, and England D.Capitalists will continue to starve and underpay workers E.Religion, Nationalism, Patriotism were all scams 1.Religion makes you obedient out of supernatural terror a.Medieval Opiate of the masses b.Lulls them into a false sense of wellbeing & security 2.Patriotism & Nationalism are merely new exploitations a.Modern opiate of the masses & middle class b.Excites them to obedience & fetish worship c.Prevents workers from uniting across international boundaries d.Divides workers artificially and keeps them chained F.Communist Manifesto (1848), with Friedreich Engels 1.Workers must seize the means of production 2.Workers of the world unite! 3.You have nothing to lose but your chains G.Das Kapital (1867-) 1."The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle." a.Prehistory (1)Imperfect Anarchy (2)Natural Socialism b.Ancient History (1)Slave mode of production (2)Wealth & power based on control of slaves c.Medieval History (1)Feudal mode of production (a)Feudal Lords control property, law (b)Wealth & power based on control of land (2)Gradual emergence of capitalist class d.Modern History (1)Capitalist mode of production (a)Capitalists control money, property, law, industry (b)Wealth & power based on control of money, industry (2)Capitalists overthrow feudal Lords (3)Bourgeois Capitalism increases disparity of wealth (4)Periodic cycles of prosperity, deepening depression (5)Emerging Proletariat (6)Workers struggle against Capitalists & Bourgeois e.Future-1 (1)The Revolution begins (a)Class-Conscious Workers seize the means of production (b)Dictatorship of the Proletariat (c)Capitalists & Bourgeois exterminated (d)Classless socialist society established (e)Marx believed the revolution would begin in England or France, Russia too backwards, not yet to Capitalism (2)Socialist mode of production (a)"From each according to their ability; to each according to their needs" (b)Production for use, not production for profit (3)The Flowering of the State (a)Emergence of a huge apparatus of state (b)The State controls means of production (c)The State educates the workers, exterminates all enemies of the people or enemies of the revolution (d)The State directs the evolution of society f.Future-2 (1)Socialism evolves into Communism (2)The State becomes unnecessary, withers away 2.Theory of Surplus Value a.Disparity between wages and value of goods produced b.Capitalists always pay subsistence wages for work c.Capitalists enrich themselves by keeping surplus value d.This surplus value is the rightful property of the workers II.Vladimir Ilych Lenin, 1870-1924 A.Future History 1.Bourgeois Capitalism will decline into Imperialism B.Leninism 1.Historical progress can be accelerated, even planned, by revolutionary leaders who dedicate "all the days of their lives" to the revolution 2.Revolutionary agitation to enlighten the masses a."Think globally, act locally" b.Fan the flames of discontent 3.Professional revolutionary leaders direct the revolution a."by any means necessary" 4.Iskra, the Spark a.Revolutionary agitation can spark radical change b.With proper guidance and planning, the revolution can progress quickly from Capitalism to Socialism to Communism c.The Revolutionary leadership must heighten the class struggle through the Dictatorship of the Proletariat III.Antonio Gramschi, 1891-1937 A.The New Order (L'Ordine Nuovo) 1.Italian Communist newspaper, founded 1919 2.Co-founder of Italian Communist Party, 1921 3.Pre-Prison Writings, ed. Richard Bellamy (Cambridge, 1994) 4.Selections from the Prison Notebooks (Intl. Publishers, 1971) B.Lenin was wrong, and the Leninist revolution will fail 1.The workers will see the revolutionary government as a new boss 2.When the revolution fails, the west will re-import Capitalism C.Gradual revolution as revolutionaries infiltrate, co-opt, subvert 1.Infiltrate & subvert the State: elective & appointed office; judgeships 2.Infiltrate & subvert the military: enlist & subvert from within 3.Infiltrate & subvert justice: undermine and discredit state constitutions, strengthen the authority of the central government 4.Infiltrate & subvert education: become professors & administrators 5.Infiltrate & discredit religion: scoundrels as clergymen 6.Register, then license, then confiscate all privately held weapons D.Form or infiltrate international organizations to promote goals such as "global understanding," "economic development," "transfer of resources" 1.Groups like: (my choices, not his) a.United Nations b.Council on Foreign Relations c.Trilateral Commission 2.Foundations like: (my choices) a.International Monetary Fund b.Ford Foundation c.Carnegie Endowment E.Both Capitalism and Judaeo-Christian culture must be destroyed before a Communist revolution can succeed 1.Religious sentiment cannot be destroyed through legislation, as Lenin believed, but must be redirected from the divine to the state a.Terror will only drive Religion underground b.Religion will then reemerge when Leninism fails c.So Religion must be destroyed in the minds of men 2.Infiltrate religious academies and become priests and clergymen a.Subtly promote heresy within religious organizations b.Infiltrators must act so as to discredit the church (1)Cause financial and sexual scandals (2)See that this is given a high profile in the news (3)Like-minded infiltrators in the media will cooperate 3.Once religion is discredited from within, continuously promote the idea that only the state can solve the problems that have been traditionally brought before the church F.When propagating revolutionary ideas, cloak them in polite terms 1.National Consensus 2.Popular Mandate 3.Pluralism 4.Global Community 5.Economic Justice 6.Economic Democracy 7.Liberation Theology 8.Direct Action G.Marxists "must enter into every civil, cultural, and political activity in every nation, leavening them as yeast leavens bread." H.Subvert the existing hegemonic culture and replace it with a "counter-hegemony" that is based on the revolutionary needs of the oppressed masses 1.Current buzz phrase: "subvert the dominant paradigm" 2.Older buzz phrase: "America, change it or lose it!" IV.Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) A.Bourgeois capitalist civilization must be overthrown by discrediting existing beliefs and replacing them with revolutionary or proto-revolutionary beliefs B.Founding Father of Political Correctness 1."Free Expression" is actually repressive, because it permits the bourgeois capitalists and other counter-revolutionary or anti- revolutionary individuals and groups to express their beliefs and values, beliefs and values that must be destroyed 2.Advocates "the withdrawal of toleration of speech and assembly" for conservative or Christian individuals and groups a.Denounce them as hate groups, intolerant, atavistic, or fascist b.Denounce conservative or Christian expression as "hate speech" c.Do not allow colleges or universities to become "forums" for politically incorrect speech 3.Advocates "Liberating Tolerance" a."intolerance against movements from the Right, and tolerance of movements from the Left." b.Implement and enforce "new and rigid restrictions on teaching and practice in the educational institution" to indoctrinate students in "progressive" values c.Implement and enforce Speech Codes on campuses d.Reject the values of Western Civilization as "regressive" e.Reject the "Western Canon" of literature as "regressive" f.Promote Marxism as "progressive" g.Denounce and discredit all those who resist or impede this "progressive" agenda as "reactionary" or "fascist" or "racist" or "the extreme right" etc.