I.Nationalism
     A.Language, Culture, Race
          1.Pan-Slavism
          2.Pan-Germanism
     B.Italy: Mazzini & Garibaldi
          1.1830, Young Italy movement founded by Mazzini
          2.1870, Garibaldi takes Rome, proclaims Italian Kingdom
     C.Germany: Bismarck
          1.Liberal/Socialist as regards domestic policy
               a.Uniform Industrial Code
               b.Social Security Pensions
          2.Conservative/Nationalist as regards Foreign Policy
               a.War with Denmark, Bavaria, Austria
               b.Franco-Prussian War
          3.Kulturkampf
               a.anti-Catholic (1800 priests jailed or exiled)
               b.anti-Polish (expropriation, forced assimilation)
               c.anti-union (1500 trade unionists imprisoned)
     D.France: Napoleon III
          1.Anti-Clericalism
          2.Urban Renewal
          3.Bourgeois Culture of 2nd Empire
          4.Imperialist adventures in Mexico, Africa & Crimean War

II.Modernism (people self-identified as modernists)
     A.Accept Hegel, Marx, Darwin, Spencer, Carnegie, Ayn Rand, etc.
          1.They are authoritative guides
          2.They offer a rational/scientific view of the world
     B.Reject Biblical account of Creation and History
          1.Bible a good book, inspiring but not inspired
          2.Jesus a good teacher, but not a savior or God
          3.Church-going serves a good social/psychological purpose
     C.example: Adolf von Harnack & Christian liberalism/modernism
          1.Jesus a great man of history, shows us the way
          2.Jesus had no self-awareness of being God
          3.Christianity corrupted by 1800+ years of errors
          4.Seek out the true inner core of Jesus's teachings
          5.Apply that core to the needs of modern nation states
          6.von Harnack even developed a "demythologized" creed
          7.His focus on Hegelian "great men" may have predisposed:
               a.acceptance of Nietschean thought & "will to power"
               b.Acceptance of "secular messiahs" of 1920s - 1950's
          8.Note: von Harnack not responsible for abuses of his ideas

III.Secularism (some call themselves Materialists)
     A.Science can answer all questions
          1.Dalton, atomic theory  
          2.Mendeleev, periodic chart reveals patterns in nature
          3.Darwin & natural selection
          4.Pasteur & germ theory
     B.Social Science can answer & solve social problems
          1.Pavlov and the conditioned response
          2.Freud and the subconscious
          3.Spencer and Social Darwinism
          4.Human intellect as a "tabula rasa"
          5.Eugenics, birth control, abortion to prevent inconvenient life