I.Catholic Response: 
     A.Pius IX (1846-78) & Syllabus of errors, 1864
          1.Separation of Church & State leads to a Godless state
          2.Condemns liberalism, materialism, freemasonry
          3.Condemns corrupt & non-representative elections
          4.Condemns unlimited freedom of Speech & Conscience
     B.Pius IX (1846-78) & Vatican I, 1870
          1.Moral & Religious Authority: Bible, magisterium, papacy
          2.Papal infallibility when ex-cathedra on faith & morals
     C.Leo XIII (1878-1903) & Rerum Novarum, 1891
          1.Welcomes all proven scientific knowledge
          2.Denounces Materialism & Marxism
          3.Reaffirms condemnations of freemasonry, secret societies
          4.Denounces eugenics, abortion, as affronts to human dignity
          5.Proclaims inviolability of private property (with limits)
          6.Proclaims that workers should be paid a just wage
          7.Advocates labor unions & collective bargaining
     D.Pius X (1903-1914)
          1.Condemnism of Modernism (1907)
          2.Code of Canon Law (promulgated 1917, but Pius' work)

II.Protestant Responses
     A. Millennialism
          1.Societal changes seem apocalyptic, eschaton imminent
          1.Widespread obsession with apocalyptic and eschatology
          2.The world's gonna end in 1843, 1844, 1888, 1988, 1989
          3.Millions of people believe, and buy buy buy the books
     B.Christian Spiritualism
          1.seances, mediums, channelling, etc.
          2.M.E. Walrath (1868)
          3.Leah, Kate and Margaret Fox (1850s-1890s)
          4.Marcelus Ayer's Christian Spiritualist Church (1883)
     C.Dispensaltionalism: Darby, Eerdman, Moody, Scofield, LaHaye
          1.seven dispensations
          2.two resurrections
          3.two or three or more returns of Christ
          4.five judgements
          5.the rapture
            a.from visions of Margaret MacDonald and John Darby
            b.pre-trib, mid-trib, post-trib, 1-trib, etc.
            c.millions buy buy buy the books books books
          6.Christian Church is only for the Gentiles
          7.Pro-Zionist but frequently anti-Jewish
            a.re-establishment of a Jewish millennial kingdom
            b.often attack modern Jews as "khazars" or "frauds"
          8.Anti-Catholic (Chick, Scofield, LaHaye, etc.)
     D.Fundamentalism
          1.Bible literally true
            a.or at least the Scofield bible(s)
            b.or at least all the apocalyptic parts
              1)Reveleation, Ezekiel, Daniel, "Olivet Discourse"
              2)especially as interpreted by Scofield
            c.Eventually they produce their own translantion: NIV
              1)Which conforms to current Fundamentalist ideology
              2)Which commonly includes Scofield's notes
                a)As modified to current Fundamentalist ideology
                b)New Scofield (1967)
                c)Scofield III (2004)
          2.Anti-Catholic
            a.books, sermons and pamphlets attack Catholics (Chick pubs)
            b.Catholics called "Hindus" and "Babylonians"
            c.Catholic Church denounced as "whore of babylon" etc.
          3.Pro-Zionist but frequently anti-Jewish
          4.Similar to dispensationalism, much crossover
     E.Social Gospel Movement
          1.Salvation Army, YMCA, YWCA, Gideons
          2.Union Theological Seminary & Evangelical political activism
     F.Evangelical Separatism - Camp Meetings, Revivals, Community

III.Judaic Responses
     A.Reform Judaism
          1.USA: Mayer Wise (Hebrew Union College)
          2.Germany: Samuel Holdheim
          3.Emphasize Moral law over Ritual law
          4.Emphasize Prophetic rather than Talmudic tradition
          5.Liturgy in vernacular language (Shema only in Hebrew)
          6.Jews as a witness to holiness before all men
            a."Ye are my witnesses"
            b.YMHW, YWHA
     B.Zionism
          1.Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)
          2.Jews excluded by (or reject) European Nationalism
          3.Jews a Culture? Nation? Race? (much debate among Jews)
          4.Jewish State in Uganda? Madagascar? Palestine?
     C.Strict Orthodoxy
          1.Central European origins
          2.Cultural Separatism
          3.Reaffirmation of Talmud & Zohar