I.Developments, 1815-1848
     A.Disagreements over boundaries at Congress of Vienna, 1815
          1.Conservative monarchies draw boundaries based on royalist
          theories of nationhood
               a.Little sentiment for boundaries that reflect national
               identities rather than royal possessions
          2.Liberals still thinking in internationalist terms
               a.Rights of man transcend boundaries
     B.General anticipation of international revolution
          1.Liberalism seen by many as a failed idea after 1848
          2.National Self-Determination of Peoples is the new call to action
          among revolutionaries (including some Liberals)
               a.Liberalism not strong enough in itself
               b.Only a ethnic nation-state can protect human rights
     C.Most Liberals (especially Bourgeois) fear revolution, fear the
     proletariate, and thus collaborate with governments
          1.They, too, promote nationalism, patriotism, flag-ism

II.Liberal Revolutions before 1848
     A.Spain, 1820-23 (crushed by France)
     B.Naples, 1820 (crushed by Austria)
     C.Savoy, 1820 (crushed by Austria)
     D.1825, Decembrists in Russia (crushed by Czar)
     E.1830, July Revolution in France (declines)
          1.Conservatives set up constitutional monarchy
          2.order, prosperity, peace
     F.1830-39, United Netherlands (successful)
          1.Strong nationalist sentiment
          2.Catholic Belgium & Protestant Netherlands
     G.1831, Polish Revolt (crushed by Russia)
     H.1832, England, (Parliamentary, successful)
          1.Reform Act of 1832: liberal values, gradual reform
          2.More House of Commons seats for northern industrial towns
     I.1838-1848, England, Chartist Movement (male suffrage, secret ballot)
     J.1821-1830, Greece (successful)
          1.Turks try to wipe out Greeks, Europe intervenes
          2.Independent Greek kingdom established
               a.Royal Family from Bavaria / Schleswig-Holstein

III.Liberal Revolutions of 1848
     A.France
          1.Rebellion against King Louis Phillipe
          2.Liberals proclaim the Republic
          3.Proletarians ignored, crushed by army
          4.Bourgeois gain some rights, sell out
          5.France an Empire by 1852, Liberalism a dead letter
               a.Napoleon III
               b.Bonapartism
     B.German, Austrian, & Italian States
          1.Liberal revolts throughout 1848
          2.Many artists & intellectuals participate
               a.Wagner, Marx, Bakunin
          3.Crushed by Prussian & Austrian armies
          4.Bourgeois gain some rights, sell out
          5.Papacy recognizes anti-Christian nature of 1840's Liberalism
               a.Eventually condemned by Pius IX in "Syllabus of Errors"
     C.Liberalism after 1848
          1.Seen by many intellectuals as ineffectual
          2.Marx & Bakunin call for stronger anti-government action
          3.Bismarck & Mazzini call for Nationalist solutions
          4.Bourgeois always sell out proletarians & peasants
               a.United from w/ Monarchy
               b.promote patriotism & flag fetishism
          5.Proletarians & Peasants distrust Liberalism & bourgeois
     D.Bonapartism widespread in Spain, Portugal, Latin America