I.An Empire in Decline, 1895-1923
     A.Loses Spanish American War, 1895-98
          1.Lost Cuba (important market for Catalan goods)
          2.Lost Phillipines
          3.Lost Samoa
     B.Moroccan War, 1909-1926
          1.Military disaster in 1921
          2.10,000 killed, 15,000 taken prisoner
     C.Catalonian Separatism throughout 1920's
     D.Corrupt government
          1.Cortes dominated by professional (liberal) politicians
          2.Cortes blames King and military for all problems
     E.Anti-Clericalism
          1.Anarchists & Socialists blame the Church
          2.Liberals & Military Officers blame the Church
     F.Widespread social unrest
          1.Many attempted coup d'etats (pronunciamientos)
          2.Widespread strikes

II.King Alfonso 13th
     A.Inept ruler
     B.Deemed responsible for Moroccan losses in 1921
     C.Unable to preserve order

III.Don Miguel Primo de Rivera, 1923-1930
     A.Military Governor of Catalonia
          1.Rebels against Cortes, 9-13-23
          2."To save Spain from the professional politicians"
          3.Supported by the Army & King Alfonso
          4.Supported by landowners & monarchists (Carlists)
          5.Opposed by secular academics & revolutionaries
     B.Initial prosperity in mid-1920's
          1.Wins war in Morocco, 1926 (with French support)
          2.Widespread popular support, even liberals
          3.Never wins secular academics, socialists, anarchists
     C.Economic decline in late 1920's
          1.Blamed for economic reverses
          2.Increased academic opposition when censorship eased
          3.Landowners & Carlists withdraw their support
          4.Don Miguel resigns, 1-30-30

IV.Fall of the Monarchy, 1930-1931
     A.Opposition to Alfonso 13th
          1.Increased socialist, communist, anarchist opposition
          2.Socialist coup fails, 12-15-30
     B.Election of 4-12-31
          1.Carlists win 4.5 to 1 majority in Spain
          2.Socialist majority in larger cities
     C.Socialist Coup
          1.Establish "Revolutionary Committees" in larger cities
          2.Repudiate election, conceal results
     D.Alfonso 13th goes into exile, 4-14-31
          1.does not resign
          2.Grandson becomes King Juan Carlos I in 1975

V.The "Workers' Republic," May 1931-1933
     A.Socialists lead anti-clerical rioting
          1.200 churches burned to the ground, nuns raped
          2.Hundreds of Churches & Church libraries looted
     B.Radical leader Azanya stages coup in Cortes
          1.Suspends civil liberties
          2.Confiscates "surplus" Church property
          3.Most Jesuits exiled
          4.Most Church schools closed
          5.Churchmen forbidden to teach
     C.Worker' State assumes control of education
     D.Banks & railroads nationalized
     E."Social Security" laws passed
     F.Army & Officer corps reduced by half

VI.Widespread dissatisfaction with Republic by 1933
     A.Peasant rebellions (especially against "civil guard")
     B.Farmers' Union movement
     C.Widespread demands for new elections
     D.Anarchist terror
     E.Jos‚ Antonio Primo de Rivera founds Falange

VII.Center-Right Government, 1933-1935
     A.Cortes elections give moderates a strong majority
     B.Yet they govern ineffectually
     C.Anarchist rising in Asturias, October 1934
          1.Anarchists target libraries & schools & police
          2.Oviedo largely destroyed
          3.Cortes extremely brutal in reprisals

VIII."Popular Front" Government, February to July, 1936
     A.PF parties win moderate majority on Cortes
          1.Alliance of: Socialists, Trotskyists, Communists,
          Anarcho-Syndicalists, Basque & Catalonian Separatists,
          Stalinists
     B.PF government suspends Constitution
     C.PF Accelerates Socialist reforms
     D.PF leads Anti-Clerical riots
          1.Religion declared subversive to the state
          2.421 Churches looted & libraries destroyed
               a.10,000 volume library of Cuenca Cathedral
               b.Medieval manuscripts, Aztec manuscripts
          3.170 Churches burned to the ground
          4.Public atrocities against exhumed bodies of religious
               a.Exhumed nuns especially popular w/ red extremists
     E.Azanya returns to power
          1.Remains a puppet to red extremists
     F.PF tries to destroy Falange movement
          1.Primo de Rivera arrested, March 1936 (shot Nov 20)
     G.PF organizes "Revolutionary Assault Troops"
          1.To speed revolution
          2.To crush religion
          3.To destroy the Falange
     H.Spain a "Republic" in name only, extremism everywhere
          1."Republic" dominated by red extremists until the end

IX.Civil War, July 1936 to April, 1939
     A.7-12-36, Falange extremists kill an Assault Troop officer
     B.7-13-36, PF Assault Troops kill a prominent Carlist
     C.7-18/19, Army leaders rebel (led by Mola), many killed by PF
     D.7-18-36, Franco flies from Canary Islands to Morocco
          1.Leads Spanish Army of Morocco in rebellion against PF
     E.7-19-36, Spanish Army rebells against PF
          1.Many prominent generals killed in 1st 48 hours
          2.Franco highest ranking field commander with an army
     F.7-28-36, Franco crosses into Spain
          1.Uses Spanish Army of Morocco as core troops
          2.Uses German transport planes
          3.Spanish Army sides with Franco: Nationalists
     G.International Intervention
          1.USSR supports Popular Front/Republic
          2.USA Communists form "Abraham Lincoln Brigade"
          3.German Communists form "Thaelmann Calonne"
          4.Four Italian divisions support Nationalists
          5.German Condor Legion supports Nationalists
          6.Germans send one tank corps to Nationalists
     H.Great savagery on all sides
          1.Republicans kill Nationalist officers & Falange leaders
          2.Republicans kill 6,700+ priests, monks, nuns
          3.Nationalists kill PF/Republican leaders
          4.Everyone kills civilians, settle old scores ...
     I.Nationalist Victory, 1936-1939
          1.10-01-36, Franco assumes leadership of Nationalists
          2.4-19-37, Falange & Carlist parties absorbed into
          National Council
          3.3-9-38, Franco issues Labor Charter
               a.Fair wages
               b.Improved living conditions
               c.Education
          4.May 37 to Aug 38, PF collapses into warring factions
               a.Anarchist rising in Barcelona against PF
               b.PF purges Anarchists, many are killed
               c.PF purges Trotskyists (POUM), most killed
	       d.COMINTERN very active within PF
          5.1-26-39, Franco takes Barcelona
          6.2-17-39, France & Britain recognize Franco's government
          7.3-28-39, Franco takes Madrid, unopposed
          8.3-29-39, PF surrenders
          9.4-1-39, USA recognizes Franco's government
          10.May, 1939, Italian & German troops leave Spain
          11.September, 1939, Franco pledges neutrality in WWII

X.Franco's Spain, 1939-1975
     A.Stays out of WWII, does not support Hitler/Mussolini
     B.Works to stabilize Spanish society, restore the Church
     C.Authoritarian rule
          1.Militarist & nationalist, but not fascist
     D.Promotes Juan Carlos I as heir (grandson) to Alfonso 13th
     E.Franco dies in 1975
     F.Juan Carlos I crowned as King of Spain
	1. Popular and able ruler
	2. Forestalls right/military coup in 1981