I.Early Socialism (also called "Associationism")
     A.Henri de Saint-Simon, 1760-1825
          1.Advocates a planned cooperative society
               a.Governed by an enlightened intellectual elite
               b.Those who resist to be "treated like cattle"
          2.All should work
          3.From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
              a.The governing elite determine your ability
              b.The governing elite determine your needs
          4.Opposed to private property
              a.inheritance of private property should be abolished
          5.Promotes a "New Christianity"
              a.based on socialist principles
              b.social heroes rather than saints
          6.Mankind to be governed and perfected by the elite
          7.Celebrated in the USSR as a theoretician of communism
     B.Robert Owen, 1771-1858
          1.Cooperative, planned economy will cure ills of society
               a.Syndicalism: worker organized cooperatives
                    (1)New Lanarck, Scotland
                    (2)New Harmony Commune, Indiana
               b.Humane wages & conditions, education, cooperative store
               c.Old age and sickness pensions
          2.Emphasis on communal life
               a.Elimination of private family - common life
               b.Elimination of marriage
               c.Elimination of private property - common property
          3.economic basis both manufacturing and agriculture
     C.Charles Fourier, 1772-1837
          1.Elimination of all economic competition
          2.Reorganize society to fit an unchanging human nature
          3.Focus on the group, not on the individual
               a.Elimination of private family - common life 
               b.Elimination of marriage
               c.Elimination of private property - communal apartments
               d.Each community based on a Phalanx of 1620 members
          3.Many "Fourier Communes" in 19th century America
               a.Most American Fourier Communes had about 500 members
               b.Brook Farm the most famous
               c.around thirty communities throught the U.S.
     D.John Humphrey Noyes (American), 1811-1886
          1.Blended Evangelical Christianity with Utopianism
               a.very common in 19th and 20th century America
               b.clever use of bible passages justified high wierdness
               c.Once you are saved you are perfect, and cannot sin
          2.Emphasis on communal life
               a.First community in Putney, VT
               b.Second community, Oneida Association, in New York
               c.Elimination of private property - common property
               d.Elimination of private family - common life
               e.Elimination of private marriage - "Complex Marriage"
               f.economic basis was manufacturing, not agriculture
                    1)Animal traps
                    2)silverware
          3.Communism of Love
               a.no marriages in heaven, communal sexuality instead
               b."god's will be done on earth as it is in heaven..."
               c.birth control and planned reproduction
               d.Noyes claimed the right to be "first husband"
                    1)sexual "initiation" of girls born at Oneida
                    2)"first husband" to new female members
               e.Noyes eventually charges with statutory rape of a girl
                    1)he flees to Canada in 1879

II.American Transcendentalists (simplify, learn from nature)
          1.Henry David Thoreau
              a."Walden Pond"
              b."On Civil Disobedience"
          2.Ralph Waldo Emerson
              a.Self Reliance
              b.Brook Farm (observer, not a member)

III.Anabaptist religious movements
          1.Amish, Mennonite, & Shaker communities
          2.Renunciation of and departure from the new industrial societies
          3.Their religiosity profoundly affects American rural societies
          4.Their agricultural techniques and seed stocks enable Americans
		to farm on the great plains